March 20, 2001

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=20


`Z I N D A M A G A Z I N=20 E`
Adaar 20,=20 = 6750 &nb= sp; =20 Volume=20 = VII &nbs= p; =20 Issue=20 = 4 = =20 March 20, = 2001

To receive our weekly notification message or = this issue=20 in text format write to z_info@zindamagazine.com.


T H I S W E E = K I=20 N Z I N D=20 A


The=20 Lighthouse	Assyrian or Syriac?
Good=20 Morning Bet-Nahrain	Northern Watch Cradle = of=20 Civilization is Being Plundered Iraq = Celebrates=20 Invention of Writing
News=20 Digest	Assyrian Migrant Spending Time in Australian = Jail=20 Chaldean Activist Takes Umbrage = Feud from AD 431 Engulfs U.S. Census Assyrian Woman Fights Race Issue to Adopt in = England
Surfs=20 Up!	"Where is it being held this = year?"
Surfers=20 Corner	New Volume of JAAS
Literatus	Witnessing = Life!
Bravo	The Tyari Tribes
Assyrian=20 Surfing Posts	A Brief History of the = Assyrian=20 Churches Sargon=20 Gabriel's Network
Pump=20 Up the Volume	Spring & Season
Back=20 to the Future	The Capture of Palestine & the Synod of Mar=20 Eshooyow
This=20 Week in History	Joseph Dorna
Calendar=20 of Events	Hannibal Alkhas in Chicago Assyrian Lecture in=20 Netherlands

All blue=20 links throughout this issue are hyperlinks to other sections on this = page or=20 featured websites


THE=20 = LIGHTHOUSE

ASSYRIAN OR = SYRIAC?
Common Language & Heritage, = Different=20 Denominations
An interview with = Dr. George=20 Kiraz, Syriac Computing Institute

The following interview was conducted last = month by the=20 staff of Via Dolorosa Magazine=20 (viadolorosa2001@yahoo.com), an independent monthly dedicated to the = revival of=20 Middle Eastern Christian cultures. Photo courtesy of Via Dolorosa=20 Magazine.=20

Dr. George Kiraz

Born in Bethlehem, George Kiraz = attended=20 the local Lutheran School Talita Kumi in Beit Jala, near Bethlehem. He = studied=20 Syriac language at the local Syriac Orthodox church and at St. Mark=92s = Monastery=20 in Jerusalem during the summer months. He has served on the altar since = he was=20 12.=20

Kiraz was ordained sub-deacon = in 1983.=20 During his high school years, he was a regular visitor to the library of = The=20 Tantur Ecumenical Institute for Theological Studies near Bethlehem that = holds=20 one of the largest Syriac collections of printed books in Palestine. At = the age=20 of 18, he authored his first book on the history of his community in the = Holy=20 Land.=20

Kiraz immigrated to Los Angeles = in 1983. He=20 studied engineering at California State University, Northridge, after = which he=20 went to England for his higher education. He obtained a master=92s in = Syriac=20 Studies from the University of Oxford under Dr. Sebastian Brock, who has = a=20 master=92s in Computer Speech and Language Processing, and a doctorate = in=20 Computational Linguistics from the University of Cambridge. He came back = to the=20 US in 1996 where he worked as a research scientist at Bell Laboratories, = Lucent=20 Technologies. Now, he is the technical manager of Nuance New = York.=20

Beth=20 Mardutho: The Syriac Institute (formerly The Syriac Computing = Institute) was=20 founded in 1992 by Kiraz who has authored a number of works on Syriac = including=20 a six-volume Concordance to the Syriac New Testament (1993), a = four-volume=20 Comparative Edition of the Syriac Gospels (1996), and a number of = pedagogical=20 books. He has written for international journals and conference = proceedings in=20 the field of computational linguistics and computer science. Kiraz = implemented=20 the first fonts suite that contains all the Syriac scripts for the DOS = operating=20 system in 1986. Kiraz lives in Piscataway, NJ. He is married to = Christine, and=20 they were recently blessed with a baby daughter named Tabitha=20 Gabriela.=20

What is the Syriac language = and culture,=20 and what are its origins?=20

Syriac is a form of Aramaic, a = language=20 whose many dialects have been in continuous use since the 11th century = BC.=20 Aramaic is originally the language of the Aramean people, but by the 6th = century=20 BC it became the lingua franca of the Near East. Aramaic was used by = many=20 peoples and nations. It was the native tongue of the ancient Chaldeans, = a second=20 language to the Assyro-Babylonians, an official language of the Persian=20 Achaemenians, and a common language of the Jews replacing Hebrew. Jesus = and the=20 Apostles spoke and preached in Aramaic.=20

Syriac is the Aramaic dialect = of Edessa=20 (present-day Urfa in southeast Turkey) and became an important literary = language=20 around the second and third centuries. The earliest dated Syriac = inscription is=20 from AD 6, and the earliest parchment, which is a deed of sale, is from=20 243.=20

The earliest dated manuscript = is a Bible=20 that was produced in November 411, which is probably the earliest dated=20 manuscript in any language. Syriac spread due to at least two factors: = the=20 spread of Christianity in the Semitic-speaking world and commerce on the = Silk=20 Road, both activities sometimes combined. We see Syriac remains as far = as China;=20 even today, a few million Christians in India of various denominations = follow=20 the Syriac tradition.=20

The Syriac culture has made = contributions=20 in various fields of world civilization, both religious and secular. As = we know,=20 the fifth century witnessed the division of the Christian Church into = many=20 factions. It is worth noting that the Syriac tradition is the only one = that=20 represents the rich diversity which resulted from this division and = which=20 preserved it till this day.=20

The Syriac tradition = encompasses the=20 =93left,=94 =93right=94 and =93center=94 if we were to use such terms. = For example, the=20 Syriac Orthodox Church preserves the henophysite faith (Christ is from = two=20 natures, human and divine), the Maronite Church, as well as the Syriac = Catholic=20 and Chaldean Churches, preserve the Chalcedonian faith (Christ is in two = natures), and the Assyrian Church of the East preserves the misnamed = =93Nesotrian=94=20 faith (union of two natures and their =93qnumos=94 in one = =93prosopon=94).=20

Additionally, both the = Antiochian Church=20 (Rum Orthodox) and the Melkite Church have early roots in the Syriac = tradition=20 as their liturgies made use of the Syriac language as late as the 12th = century.=20 We possess today a good deal of Antiochian/Melkite Syriac manuscripts. I = personally look at this rich diversity in a very positive and ecumenical = way.=20

On the secular front, the = Syriac-speaking=20 world contributed to world civilization. During the Abbasid dynasty = (750-1258),=20 it was the Syriac scholars who contributed immensely in the translation = of Greek=20 scientific works into Arabic. They helped in shaping the Arabic and = Muslim=20 civilization, which in turn contributed to Western = civilization.=20

You learned the Syriac = language. How=20 close it is to Aramaic?=20

As I mentioned before, Syriac = in itself is=20 a form of Aramaic. The Aramaic that Jesus spoke would be comprehensible = to=20 anyone who speaks literary Syriac today, and the Aramaic vernacular = dialects=20 spoken by the Assyrians, Chaldeans and the Syriac Orthodox from Tur = Abdin in=20 southeast Turkey. For example, Jesus would have said, =93Talitha Kumi=94 = (Mark 5:41)=20 which means =93Girl, get up.=94 In literary Syriac one says, =93Tlitha=20 Kumi.=94=20

Aramaic continued to be the = daily language=20 in Palestine until after the Islamic conquest in the seventh century. = The=20 memoirs of pilgrim Silvia of Atheria, who visited the Holy Land in 385, = tell us=20 that the preaching was done in Syriac, Latin and Greek. It was customary = for=20 scripture readings and sermons, which were read in Greek, to be orally=20 interpreted into Palestinian Aramaic in order for the people to = understand=20 them.=20

Palestinian Christians = continued to use=20 Palestinian Aramaic (sometimes called Palestinian Syriac) as a = liturgical=20 language, until we received manuscripts from as late as the 12th = century. The=20 Palestinians translated the Bible into their local Aramaic dialect, = fragments of=20 which from the seventh century survive.=20

Palestinian Christians will = find that they=20 have an indigenous Semitic Christian heritage of their own through many=20 manuscripts that reached us.=20

What is the difference = between Assyrian=20 and Syriac?=20

The history of the difference = and=20 interchanging of the two terms, especially in English, is quite complex, = and I=20 may not be able to capture it in a short time here.=20

In the context of Eastern = Christianity, the=20 term =93Assyrian=94 (its native form in Syriac is aturaya, in Arabic = ashuri) has=20 been used by the members of the Assyrian Church of the East as an ethnic = designation since the 19th century, and more so after 1900. The term = became=20 formally part of the name of that Church in the 1970s. The term is also = used by=20 some Chaldeans as an ethnic designation, and some Syriac Orthodox, = especially in=20 the Diaspora, as a national or political affiliation. The term = =93Syriac=94 (its=20 native form is suryoyo, in Arabic suryani) is used by the Syriac = Orthodox,=20 Maronites, Syriac Catholics, Syro-Malabarese, Syro-Malankarese and the = Mar Thoma=20 Christians to designate their ecclesiastical tradition, and by some as = an ethnic=20 designation as well.=20

The term =93Syriac=94 is also = used by Western=20 scholars to refer to all the Churches mentioned above that employ Syriac = as a=20 liturgical language. As the native term suryoyo/suryani also translates = into the=20 English word, =93Syrian.=94 Some used to opt for mistranslating the = former terms=20 into =93Assyrian=94 to avoid confusion with a reference to the Arab = Republic of=20 Syria.=20

The terms =93Assyrian=94 and = =93Syriac=94 are=20 sometimes misused interchangeably, intentionally or unintentionally, the = result=20 of which has caused confusion and unfortunately friction to some=20 extent.=20

For instance, we sometimes read = in Via=20 Dolorosa phrases like =93Assyrian priest of the Syriac Orthodox = Church.=94 We also=20 read on the front page of the most recent issue the title: =93Assyrian = and Coptic=20 Clergy named Cardinals,=94 where the former clergy in question is = Patriarch Mousa=20 I Daoud of the Syriac Catholic Church.=20

Most readers probably get = confused, as the=20 Assyrian Church, the Syriac Orthodox Church and the Syriac Catholic = Church,=20 while they share a common linguistic and ethnic heritage, are quite = different in=20 their faith and ecclesiastical organization.=20

In fact, the Syriac Orthodox = Church, in a=20 23-page patriarchal letter to its US faithful in 1952 and in a = patriarchal=20 encyclical in 1981, explicitly denounced applying the term = =93Assyrian=94 to the=20 church and its faithful after a number of its own nationalist followers = in the=20 Diaspora began applying the term.=20

In the 2000 synod, the Syriac = Orthodox=20 Church stated that it be known in English as the =93Syriac Orthodox = Church.=94=20 Similarly in the US, the Maronites and Catholics officially use the = terms=20 =93Maronite Syriac Church=94 and =93Syriac Catholic = Church.=94=20

I do not wish to dwell = historically on this=20 issue, as it would require a great deal of analysis. The most important = thing to=20 remember is that all the communities that I have mentioned share a = common=20 language and heritage which bonds them together, despite their different = formal=20 names. My message is that one should respect the identity that others = choose for=20 themselves.=20

You founded the Syriac = Computing=20 Institute. What are its goals, and what role do you = play?=20

The Syriac Computing Institute = was=20 informally established in 1992 when I was doing my doctorate in = Cambridge,=20 England. In 1996, I moved back to the United States, and the Institute = moved=20 back with me. At that time, it was formalized with a board of directors=20 governing its activities. We are actually now in the midst of expanding = it to=20 become a center of Syriac studies, and we are renaming it to =93Beth = Mardutho: The=20 Syriac Institute.=94=20

Our mission is =93to promote = the study of the=20 Syriac heritage globally, and to serve the academic community and the = heirs of=20 the heritage: the Syriac Orthodox, Assyrians, Maronites, Chaldeans, = Syriac=20 Catholics, St. Thomas Christians, and the Antiochians and Melkites, = transcending=20 denominational diversity.=94=20

We publish semiannually a = peer-reviewed=20 e-journal on Syriac studies at http://syrcom.cua.edu or = http://syrcom.cua.edu.=20 We just released a suite of Syriac fonts for Windows 2000. We are = working on=20 building an e-library of books, journals and pictures on the=20 Internet.=20

I am the founder of the = institute and have=20 been its director since its inception in 1992. We have a web site at=20 www.BethMardutho.org.=20

What other steps are being = taken to=20 preserve the Syriac culture?=20

Today, there are many = organizations, both=20 secular and religious, that work for the preservation of the Syriac = heritage=20 among all the communities. St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute in = India=20 holds a conference every four years, and acts as an educator and = examiner for=20 higher education in Syriac studies in local universities.=20

The Maronite academic = institutions in=20 Lebanon, such as Kaslik and St. Joseph, continue to offer courses on = Syriac. The=20 Syriac Orthodox Church completed the construction of a large seminary in = Maarat=20 Sydnaya in Syria in the past few years. The Chaldean Babylon College in = Iraq=20 contributes immensely to the Syriac heritage. The Assyrians of Northern = Iraq=20 have just published the first Arabic-Syriac dictionary. Today, the = Syriac=20 language can be heard on the Internet, and numerous singers produced = tapes and=20 CDs. This is indeed a joyful renaissance, and we hope that Beth Mardutho = will be=20 an integral part of this renaissance.=20

GOOD MORNING=20 = BET-NAHRAIN

GOOD MORNING=20 = BET-NAHRAIN

NORTHERN = WATCH
Zinda News From Northern=20 IraqMarch=20

Mr. San'an Ahmad Agha, = president of the=20 Turkoman Front, visited the headquarters of the Assyrian Democratic = Movement to=20 discuss the recent political developments.=20

Kurdistan Democratic Party = (KDP) leader=20 Mas'ud Barzani meets with the Assyrian Democratic Movement Secretary, = and a=20 delegation of the Movement of Kurdistan Farmers and Oppressed=20 People.

CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION IS = BEING=20 PLUNDERED
A Special Report from Nineveh by Anton La = Guardia=20 for the Daily Telegraph; March 21

(ZNDA: Nineveh) The throne room of the = great=20 Assyrian emperor Sennacherib is a heart-breaking sight. The floor is a = muddy=20 mess, revealing the tracks of goats and other animals that wander freely = in the=20 inner sanctum of what was the capital of the greatest empire of its=20 time.=20

A corrugated iron roof that protected this priceless = Iraqi=20 archaeological site was stolen soon after the end of the Gulf war, = allowing the=20 summer sun and winter rains to assault the crumbling carved = reliefs.=20

What has not been destroyed by neglect has been = smashed and=20 stolen by looters. Little pieces of white marble litter the ground where = robbers=20 have torn off the carvings and broken off the slabs into manageable=20 pieces.=20

Several pieces have made their way to the antiquities = market=20 and private collections in London, where they are the object of legal = action by=20 the Iraqi government.=20

British academics were among some 140 international = experts who=20 gathered in Baghdad yesterday for a conference marking the "birth" of = writing in=20 Mesopotamia 5,000 years ago.=20

The meeting is supposed to be a celebration of Iraqi = culture=20 after 10 years of debilitating international sanctions. But throughout = the=20 country the heritage of Sumer, Babylonia and Assyria is being stripped = by=20 antiquities smugglers.=20

As poverty has deepened, and the Iraqi government's = control of=20 more remote regions has weakened, the theft of antiquities has become a=20 lucrative trade. Clay tablets and cylinder seals inscribed in cuneiform = writing,=20 many of them stolen from Iraq, are particularly popular objets d'art at = online=20 auction sites.=20

At the Iraq Museum in Baghdad, which re-opened only = last year,=20 the foreign delegates will find the 11 pieces of stone that made up the = head of=20 a large winged bull, a fabulous part-human and part-animal mythological = creature=20 guarding the entrances to Assyrian cities. =

The head was lopped off a monumental sculpture in = Khorsabad,=20 another Assyrian capital, and then cut into small pieces about two years = ago.=20 Ten members of the gang that stole it were caught by Iraqi police in = Mosul and=20 executed.=20

In the mounds of dissolved mud-brick that dot the = south of=20 Mesopotamia, where Sumer and Babylon flourished, armed looters have = sometimes=20 used mechanical diggers, brought the earth away in lorries, and then = sifted the=20 material at leisure in search of saleable objects.=20

"In Umma, in the south, I have seen holes as large as = this=20 room," said Donny George, assistant director at the Baghdad Museum. "We = believe=20 this is being directed from abroad."=20

In a country obsessed by the supposed = "imperialist-Zionist"=20 conspiracy, Dr George suspected that the Israelis, in particular, had a = hidden=20 hand behind the theft of Iraq's heritage.=20

He recounted how, before the Gulf war, Iraqi = officials had=20 boxed their museum collections and dispersed them around the country. = The idea=20 was to reduce the risk of war damage, but the effect was to expose = antiquities=20 to theft in outlying areas when the Shi'ite Muslims in the south and the = Kurds=20 in the north rose up against the regime.=20

Several museums were attacked, and the Baghdad = authorities have=20 drawn up a list of about 4,000 missing objects. "Academics abroad have = helped=20 us, but we have found almost nothing," said Dr George.=20

Saddam Hussein has given approval for archaeological=20 excavations to resume at dozens of endangered sites in order to = demonstrate the=20 presence of "the government" and deter thieves. As a result, claims Dr = George,=20 the problem of antiquities smuggling has been brought under = control.=20

But in Nimrud, a major Assyrian city, soldiers = guarding the=20 site recounted how smugglers had slipped in last year and used an = electric saw=20 to cut up four large black basalt cuneiform steles.=20

"People who do this are betraying their country," = said Farid=20 Amjad, a soldier. "No punishment is harsh enough for them."=20

It is almost impossible to stop the trade in = antiquities, as=20 police need proof that they are stolen before they can act. Sometimes a = piece is=20 spotted by museum curators, such as a head from the Parthian city of = Hatra that=20 was seized at the British Museum.=20

The most notable success was the discovery in London = of pieces=20 from Sennacherib's palace. The Iraqi government is suing an antiquities=20 collector to recover the looted carvings. The collector said he bought = the=20 pieces in good faith from an intermediary in Switzerland and had offered = to lend=20 them for exhibition in Jerusalem's Bible Lands Museum.=20

They were identified as stolen by Dr John Russell, an = American=20 academic who had meticulously photographed the reliefs in Sennacherib's = palace=20 in 1989 and 1990.=20

Iraqi government lawyers said they were trying to = reach an=20 out-of-court settlement to buy back the carvings.=20

The looting of Sennacherib's palace, said Dr Russell, = amounts=20 to "the modern sack of Nineveh", completing the task begun by the = Babylonians=20 who defeated Assyria and set fire to Sennacherib's palace in 612 = BC.=20

The fire turned the marble reliefs into brittle = gypsum. They=20 lay buried until 1847, when they were discovered by the British = adventurer=20 Austen Henry Layard.=20

They are of immense historical importance, providing=20 corroboration for the accuracy of the Bible. One relief confirms the = story of=20 Sennacherib's campaign against Judea recounted in the Second Book of=20 Kings.=20

Layard was, arguably, the first looter of Nineveh's=20 antiquities, carting away a section depicting the siege of Lachish which = is now=20 on view at the British Museum.=20

But the Iraqis may yet have cause to thank Layard. = Because of=20 his theft, the carving of the siege of Lachish has been spared the = ravages of=20 the weather and looters. It is now one of the best-preserved remains of=20 Sennacherib's palace.=20

IRAQ CELEBRATES INVENTION OF=20 WRITING

I swear by the sun God, = Utu,=20
on this very day that I... =
the first-born son,
am = a fashioner=20 of words,
a composer of = songs,=20
a composer of words,
and=20 that they will recite my songs as heavenly writings,=20
and that they will bow down before my=20 words.=20
"In Praise of Shulgi" - an ancient = Sumerian=20 = poem
A reprint of BBC article; written by Ed Butler - = March=20 20
=20
(ZNDA: London) Iraq is hosting an = international=20 conference to mark the 5,000th anniversary of the invention of the = written=20 word.
Organisers say the ancient city of = Uruk, now in=20 southern Iraq, was the birthplace of writing in the third millennium = BC.=20
Dating the precise dawn of literature to a specific = year is of=20 course spurious, but the weight of scholarly evidence does suggest that = this=20 location was at least one of the cradles of early writing.=20
"In praise of King Shulgi" is one of the best = examples of=20 Sumerian writing and dates from the third century BC.=20
Professor Robert Englund of = the University=20 of Southern California believes that the culture that flowered in this = region=20 around the delta that flows from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers formed = the=20 basis for what is almost certainly the world's oldest literary = culture.=20
"It is the case that at about 3200 BC the first = cuneiform=20 tablets were written that we really do recognise as being = representations of=20 language, that being the standard definition of writing," he = said.=20
"There were many precursor forms of symbolic = representation at=20 periods that reach back many millennia and these small clay objects are=20 conventionally called tags or tokens."=20
Historical = challenge=20
The claims of ancient Iraq have been challenged in = some=20 circles, notably among Egyptologists who say that older hieroglyphs = found in=20 Egyptian tombs suggest it was the birthplace of literature. But = Professor=20 Englund disagrees.=20
"There have been some recent discoveries of some very = old tags=20 in a place called Abaidos in Egypt that have been dated back a little = earlier,"=20 he said.=20
"But there is quite a lot of evidence of cultural = wares=20 imported from Mesopotamia, that is from Iraq, at about the time of the = emergence=20 of writing in Egypt, and there is no such evidence on the Mesopotamian = side of=20 things."=20
He believes the idea of writing was imported from the = increasingly-structured culture of Mesopotamia into Egypt at about this=20 time.=20
International = Isolation=20
Western academics are among those expected to attend = the=20 conference, although exactly how many will make the trip is = unclear.=20
The academic community is keen to improve links with = one of the=20 world's most archaeologically rich countries.=20
Iraq for its part would like to emphasise that its = cultural=20 life is continuing despite 10 years of UN sanctions.=20
The ruling Ba'ath Party still wants to portray Iraq = as a=20 historic centre of Arab cultural life, despite the destructive impact of = the=20 Gulf War and subsequent international sanctions.=20
Iraq has very few contacts even with its immediate = neighbours=20 in the Middle East.=20
The BBC's Middle East specialist Roger Hardy says an = events=20 like this, and the annual Babylon festival outside Baghdad, can help to = end the=20 isolation.=20
"But there is another political motive too, to ease = the=20 isolation, not only of the regime but also of the society itself," he=20 said.=20
"All this is beamed onto Iraqi television to try to = show the=20 Iraqi people: 'Look, the rest of the world has not quite forgotten us', = which is=20 of course what most Iraqis feel."=20

NEWS=20 DIGEST

ASSYRIAN MIGRANT SPENDING TIME = IN=20 AUSTRALIAN JAIL

Courtesy of theAge.com.au; Article by Rod = Myer- March=20 19=20
(ZNDA: Melbourne) = Vilperit=20 Betkhoshabeh is sitting in Melbourne's Port Phillip Prison with no hope = of=20 immediate release, even though his 18-month sentence ended more than two = years=20 ago.=20
Mr. Betkhoshabeh arrived in = Australia from=20 Iran in 1992. Although he had visited Australia before, to stay with his = brother=20 and sister-in-law in Melbourne, immigration officials took him straight = to=20 Maribyrnong Detention Centre. He had a one-way ticket and officials = feared he=20 planned to overstay his tourist visa.=20
Mr. = Betkhoshabeh had no=20 history of crime or mental illness but, in detention, he became = psychotic,=20 forcing authorities to release him into the care of his brother. = In 1995=20 Mr. Betkhoshabeh, a member of a persecuted group of Iranian Christians, = was=20 granted refugee status here. But, six months later, he broke into a = woman's home=20 after making threats to kill her. He was convicted and spent 18 months = in=20 jail.=20
His term finished, the = government ordered=20 his deportation but his lawyers appealed to the United Nations Human = Rights=20 Committee. While the committee considers his case, Mr. Betkhoshabeh = stays in=20 jail.=20
The Federal Court and = Immigration Minister=20 Philip Ruddock have rejected pleas to have the deportation order = overturned,=20 despite evidence that Mr. Betkhoshabeh's mental condition has been = successfully=20 treated and that his Australian family wants to take him = in.=20
Mr. Betkhoshabeh is now = entitled to prison=20 leave to visit his brother but, in the nine years since his arrival, he = has=20 spent only 18 months as a free man.=20
Up to 70 overseas-born = Australian permanent=20 residents are in prison indefinitely, despite having served their = sentences. The=20 prisoners, all convicted of crimes with sentences of 12 months or more, = are=20 awaiting deportation.=20
The government's decision to = keep these=20 people in jail is indefensible, said Chris Maxwell, president of Civil = Liberties=20 Victoria. "It is contrary to basic human rights for people to be kept in = indeterminate detention". Mr. Maxwell said it also contravened United = Nations=20 covenants that Australia has signed.=20
"It's a total travesty," said = Professor=20 Patrick McGorry, Mr. Betkhoshabeh's psychiatrist, of his patient's case. = "The=20 minister (Mr. Ruddock) rejected all the psychiatric evidence that he was = not=20 responsible for his actions at the time of the offenses. Now he's well, = he's not=20 a threat to anybody and quite happy to continue with treatment. He's a = mild=20 mannered and gentle person.=20
"I met Ruddock over the case = and told him=20 I'd be quite happy to look after him clinically, and give him the best = public=20 sector backup. But the minister refused to do anything and has recently = written=20 to confirm the deportation order."=20
The government has agreed not = to deport Mr.=20 Betkhoshabeh until the UN committee makes a finding. Yet Mr. Ruddock is = not=20 bound by the decision, and can still deport Mr. Betkhoshabeh if he sees=20 fit.=20
Under immigration laws, people = who commit a=20 serious crime are deemed to have broken the terms under which they = gained=20 permanent residency. As a result they are usually deported. But = most of=20 these 70 people are in jail because their countries of origin are = unwilling to=20 take them.=20
Marie Tehan, a former Victorian = health=20 minister, has taken up Mr. Betkhoshabeh's case. "It's unjust that a man = who has=20 completed his sentence and has received refugee status should be = maintained in a=20 prison," she said. "I have grave reservations about our whole policy in = this=20 area."=20
Opposition immigration = spokesman Con=20 Sciacca does not oppose deportation for criminals. But he said locking = up people=20 indefinitely while they awaited deportation was crazy. "It's costing the = taxpayer $70,000 every year per person." In some cases "It's punishing = them=20 twice; incarcerating them for longer periods again than their sentence = ...=20 There's got to be a better way."=20
He proposes expediting = bureaucratic=20 processes blocking deportation or, if offenders are not dangerous, = releasing=20 them under some sort of reporting regime.=20
A spokesman for Mr. Ruddock = said the law=20 was clear: permanent residents sentenced to jail for 12 months or more = are=20 "automatically looked at (for deportation); the law requires that to=20 happen".=20
The spokesman said the minister = was=20 concerned by "the tendency of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal to = overturn=20 some of these deportation cases and he has, in quite a few cases, taken = the=20 decision to prevent them going to the AAT so they're not appealable. In = some=20 cases people with serious criminal backgrounds have had cases=20 overturned".=20
The spokesman blamed = bureaucratic inaction=20 in the deportees' countries of origin. But he said some detainees made = the=20 delays longer by not signing travel documents and generally refusing to=20 co-operate. "Therefore, it's their decision how long they remain in jail = till=20 they are removed."=20
Not all those liable for = deportation are=20 deported. Each case is examined and factors such as character, whether = they have=20 a relationship with an Australian, whether there are children involved = and any=20 history of recidivism, are taken into account.=20
Nevertheless, Mr. McGorry said = the=20 deportation policy should be reconsidered. "A lot of refugees have had = their=20 lives turned upside down and may offend in the early years. It's a very = punitive=20 attitude to turf them out again if they commit offenses."=20
=20
Article submitted by David = Chibo at Zinda=20 Desk - Australia

CHALDEAN ACTIVIST TAKES=20 UMBRAGE

Reprinted from the Detroit News; article by = Luther Keith,=20 March 21=20
(ZNDA: Detroit) Appearing under the headline=20 "Arab-American Center to open," the first two sentences of the March 16 = Detroit=20 News article said: "A new academic center at the University of=20 Michigan-Dearborn, the first of its kind in the nation, is intended as a = focal=20 point for the study of an often ignored and misunderstood group: Arab=20 Americans. The Center for Arab-American Studies, where scholars,=20 journalists and even the public can learn more about the Arab-American=20 experience, should be up and running within the next month, said interim = director Ronald Stockton, a political scientist at UM- = Dearborn."=20
The story noted that: "Southeastern Michigan is home = to about=20 280,000 people of Arab and Chaldean descent, the highest concentration = outside=20 the Middle East, a statistic most recently documented by the work of = pollster=20 John Zogby of Utica, N.Y.=20
"They include recently arrived Muslim Yemenis to = Chaldeans, who=20 are Iraqi Christians, to Lebanese, who might be Muslim or Christian, and = whose=20 families may have been here since the turn of the 20th century. Nowhere = are they=20 more concentrated or diverse than Dearborn."=20
Chaldean activist Ghassan Hanna, an online reader and = activist=20 who lives in Union City, Ca., was concerned that the article gave the = impression=20 that Chaldeans are Arabs, a view he has communicated previously to the = Inside=20 The News column.=20
Among his many points of clarification, he = argues:=20
"As a Chaldean, and as a Census Bureau's "Member of = Group of=20 Experts for Census 2000" for tabulating the Chaldeans in U.S. Census = 2000, I can=20 assure you of the following: "Chaldeans do not consider themselves as = Arabs. We=20 speak Aramaic (Syriac), an alphabetically and phonetically different = language=20 than Arabic. Our history and culture is unique. Chaldeans live in Arab = and=20 non-Arab countries.=20
"U.S Census Bureau tabulated the Chaldean Americans = SEPARATELY=20 than the Arabs for purposes of Census 1990 (when Chaldean category was=20 introduced for the first time). The same thing took place for Census = 2000.=20 Chaldeans were tabulated along with the Assyrians under one distinct = ethnic=20 category.=20
Ghassan concludes: "We Chaldeans have as much respect = for our=20 Arab neighbors as we have towards any other ethnic community that we = live and=20 share this beautiful land of America. I am only requesting that your = newspaper=20 simply show respect for our uniqueness. Chaldeans are not = Arabs."=20
Detroit News editors are mindful of the concerns, and = tried to=20 reflect that perspective. The story noted that southeastern Michigan is = the home=20 of "280,000 people of Arab and Chaldean descent."=20
In the view of our editors, this indicated a = distinction=20 between the two groups, even if both originate from the Mideast and = share some=20 historic connections.=20

FEUD FROM AD 431 ENGULFS = US=20 CENSUS
Courtesy of The Daily Telegraph; article by Ben = Fenton in=20 Washington - March 14=20
(ZNDA: Washington) Efforts to record the = ethnic=20 composition of America have dragged the US Census Bureau into an = ancestral=20 dispute 1,570 years old.=20
As part of the 2000 census, which found that = 281,421,906 people=20 live in America, the government asked one in every six households to = answer=20 ancestry questions.=20
None has proved more troublesome than Assyrian and = Chaldean=20 Americans. Both claim descent from the original civilizations of = Mesopotamia,=20 and have gone to court over the bureau's decision to lump them together = as=20 Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac. In the AD 431 Nestorian heresy split, = Chaldeans looked=20 to the Patriarch of Babylon and their rivals to the Patriarch of=20 Antioch.=20
Chaldeans, about 120,000 around Detroit, petitioned = for=20 separate categorization. Assyrians, mostly in Modesto, California,=20 objected.=20
After losing in court the Assyrians accused the = Chaldeans of=20 being Iraqi agents. They intend to take their case to Don Evans, the = Commerce=20 Secretary, who is responsible for the census.

IRAQI ARCHEOLOGISTS = UNCOVER=20 4700-YEAR-OLD SUMERIAN TOWN
Courtesy of Agence France-Presse (Copyright = 2001); March=20 21=20
(ZNDA: Baghdad)   Iraqi archeologists = have=20 uncovered the remains of a Sumerian town dating back to 2,700 B.C., = including=20 what the head of the excavation team said could be the oldest cemetery = known to=20 mankind. "Remains show that the town stretched over six square = kilometres=20 (two square miles) and excavations started in 1999 have uncovered many = houses, a=20 palace, a temple and a huge cemetery," said Haidar Abdulwahad, head of = the=20 archeology team. "The cemetery has thousands of tombs dating from = between=20 2,300 and 2,600 B.C., which is the oldest cemetery in the history of=20 mankind. We found curled-up skeletons of men, women and children," = he=20 said. "The team has also found pottery, figurines, jars, glasses and = jewelry as=20 well as other items such as knives and axes."=20
Abdulwahad said the palace covered 2,500 square = meters (26,900=20 square feet) and was surrounded by a wall 2.5 metros (eight feet) = thick. =20 But the head archeologist said that the site had been pillaged in 1991 = in the=20 thick of the Gulf War in which Iraqi occupation troops were expelled = from=20 neighboring Kuwait.=20
"Around 4,000 archeological pieces were stolen, with = antiques=20 traffickers smuggling some of their booty into Turkey."=20
Despite the looting, the head of Iraq's department of = archeology and heritage, Donni George, dubbed the discovery as "an = important=20 event because it will throw light on the Sumerian era." "The town, = whose=20 name is not known, was probably an administrative and religious centre, = given it=20 had a temple, palace ziggurat and cemetery," he said. The town = lies in the=20 desert region of Um al-Aqareb, or "mother of the scorpions", almost 300=20 kilometres (190 miles) south of Baghdad and so called because of its = large=20 number of scorpions.=20
It is just 120 kilometres (75 miles) north of Ur, the = most=20 splendid of all the ancient Sumerian cities of Mesopotamia, witnessing = its peak=20 in about 4,000 B.C.=20
Ur, which contains the remains of the famous ziggurat = -- a=20 three- tiered edifice standing more than 17 meters (56 feet) high -- = spreads out=20 over nine square kilometres (3.5 square miles) and houses a mass of = temples,=20 palaces and royal tombs.=20
Ur, the Biblical birthplace of Abraham, has been = linked to=20 Gilgamesh, the king of Uruk, who is one of the main figures in Assyrian = and=20 Babylonian mythology.=20
Iraq and especially the northern Bet-Nahrain region, = contain=20 more than 10,000 archeological sites, most of which have still not yet = been=20 uncovered, according to official statistics.=20
Following the Gulf War, Baghdad accused US soldiers = of having=20 stolen some treasures from Ur.=20
Iraq has also repeatedly accused foreigners of = financing the=20 theft of archeological pieces and pointed an accusing finger at = diplomats posted=20 in Baghdad and UN employees.=20
Before the embargo imposed on Iraq in August 1990 for = invading=20 Kuwait, Iraq played host to numerous foreign archeological expeditions = each=20 year.=20
ASSYRIAN WOMAN FIGHTS THE = RACE ISSUE=20 TO ADOPT IN ENGLAND
Courtesy of the Evening Standard - Copyright = (C) 2001=20 Evening Standard; article by Harriet Arkell; March 19=20
(ZNDA: London) With around 58,000 = children in local=20 authority care in England at any one time, and fewer than 5,000 = adoptions per=20 year, prospective adoptive parents might assume they would be welcomed = with open=20 arms by social workers.=20
But the experiences of one Assyrian family in the = South-East=20 who wanted to adopt children of ethnically-mixed backgrounds tell a = different=20 story.=20
Natalie Vartanpour, 40, is in good health, owns her = own home on=20 the outskirts of London, and works as a part-time media consultant. = After=20 deciding she wanted to adopt, she imagined it would simply be a case of = proving=20 to the social workers that she could provide a stable and loving home. = In fact,=20 her decision signaled the start of a two-year battle.=20
She said: 'While I am physically able to have = children and I am=20 not lesbian, I wanted to adopt because there are so many children in the = world=20 who don't have homes. I approached my local authority in 1998 and, as = they were=20 quite enthusiastic, I thought it wouldn't be a problem.=20
'But that enthusiasm rapidly died when they asked me = about my=20 cultural background - I am part Belgian, Italian, French, Russian, = Armenian and=20 Assyrian. Once I told them that, it was as if they regarded me as a = sixheaded=20 monster.'=20
Plans for Natalie to be accepted onto the adoption = assessment=20 program were put on hold as she was told the social workers wanted to = discuss=20 'some issues'. 'These 'Issues' turned out to be about my background,' = she said.=20 'I was told they couldn't take me on as it would be 'Very unlikely' that = they=20 could find me a child with a similar background to my own. I said I = wasn't=20 expecting them to, but I just wanted a child who was culturally=20 mixed.=20
'From what I could gather it boiled down to money. = The social=20 workers had scant resources. If they were not going to find a child to = match me,=20 it would be a waste of money assessing me.' Natalie approached other = authorities=20 in the country, including three in London. =
She said: 'With the London boroughs it seemed that = unless you=20 had a drop of black blood in you, you might as well not bother. I think = everyone=20 was worried that years down the line, the children might sue them for = putting=20 them with non-matching adoptive parents.'=20
It cost Natalie thousands of pounds to travel the = country and=20 talk to more than 20 local authorities and agencies.=20
Now the proud mother of two girls, whom she found in = the=20 North-East, she says the struggle was worth it but fears others might = not take=20 on such a fight.=20
A spokeswoman for the Department of Health said the = new=20 Adoption and Children Bill, which had its first reading last week, would = improve=20 the system. She said: 'The proposed legislation will seek to speed up = the=20 adoption system and help create permanent, secure and strong new = families for=20 children who cannot live with their birth families.'=20

SURF'S=20 UP!

=93I just wanted to let you know that you = are doing a=20 great job with the magazine, and that it keeps me updated on Assyrian=20 issues. I just had one question. I checked your calendar of = events=20 regarding the California State Convention, but I found nothing. = Where is=20 it being held this year (what city and hotel) and who do we contact = regarding=20 reservations? Thank you very much for your = help!=94=20
Christina=20
The Assyrian American National Convention will = be held=20 between August 29 and September 3, 2001, in San Jose, California. = Zinda=20 Magazine will make hotel reservation and calendar of activities = available in the=20 near future. No other official information is available at press=20 time.=20

ACT NOW!
Tayyibe Gulek, a deputy for Turkey's Democratic Left = Party, is=20 scheduled to speak at a few locations in the U.S. and Europe. She = was=20 scheduled to speak at Harvard University on March 20. Gulek is=20 Harvard-educated and is also deputy chairman of the Council of Europe's = human=20 rights committee. Her maternal great-grandfather was a vizier in = the=20 Ottoman court.=20
She was also among the five Turkish parliamentarians = who=20 visited Washington D.C. during the House Committee on International = Relations'=20 review of the ARMENIAN GENOCIDE BILL last October.=20
Zinda Magazine urges its readers to picket Gulek's = talks at any=20 possible opportunities and publicize the plight of Father Yusuf = Akbulut.=20

SURFERS=20 CORNER

NEW VOLUME OF JOURNAL OF = ASSYRIAN ACADEMIC=20 SOCIETY
A Journal of the = Assyrian Academic=20 Society Announcement

The Journal of the Assyrian = Academic=20 Society (JAAS) is published bi-annually. JAAS is devoted to an = interdisciplinary=20 study of research on Assyrians. Its scope is wide ranging, both = geographically=20 and substantively. Areas of research interests comprise varying fields = of study=20 such as cultural studies, comparative and cross-disciplinary historical=20 literature, and national and religious diversification. Both scholarly = and=20 innovative work is also encouraged in the social sciences and = humanities, such=20 as history, anthropology, sociology, political science and = art.=20
The authors in Volume 13, No. = 1, write=20 thoughtfully and engagingly about many facets of Assyrian history, = politics,=20 culture, language and society. Future issues of JAAS will contain = articles on=20 writing Assyrians into the 21st Century; assimilation and acculturation; = the=20 impact of modernization on Assyrians; oral history, and the role of = Assyrian=20 women in history.=20
The Editors of the Journal of = the Assyrian=20 Academic Society are proud to announce that the forthcoming issue of = JAAS will=20 be available in June of 2001. If you are not an AAS member and wish to = subscribe=20 to the Journal, please send an e-mail message to jaas@aas.net and we = will send=20 you subscription information; or call us at (773) = 461-6633.=20
Nadia E. Joseph =
JAAS Editor
=20
Forthcoming June 2001: JAAS, = Volume 13, No.=20 1, 2001.=20
Table of = Contents:=20
English Section=20
Eden Naby =
"The Persian Cultural Setting and the = Diversion of=20 Assyrian Culture."=20
Abdul-Massih Saadi (2=20 articles)=20
"A Treasure Trove of Syriac = Literature:=20 Unearthing, Demystifying and Cataloguing A Wealth of Manuscripts at the = Lutheran=20 School of Theology."=20
"From Survival to Revival: In = the Aftermath=20 of The Assyrian Genocide."
=20
Peter Betbasso =
"30 Assyrian Folk Dances." =
Oraham Yalda = Oraham
"The Word Became Flesh and Dwelt in Us:" = A Homily by=20 Mar Narsai (?-502 AD)."
This=20 article also appears in Classical Syriac within the Assyrian=20 section.=20
Assyrian Section:=20
Zaia Kanon =
"Ramsha." (Evening). Translated = from a poem in=20 Arabic by Abu Maathi. Abu Maathi was a well known Lebanese Christian=20 Poet.=20
Malko Khoshaba =
"Qa'im 'it Zmarta Atooreta." (The = Representation of=20 Assyrian Songs).=20
Oraham Yalda = Oraham
"Milta Hwa Bisra W'agginban: Mimrat Mar = Narsai=20 (?-502 AD)."=20
Arabic Section:=20
Saad Saadi (2 = articles)=20
"Dirasa Etmologia Fi Atasnia = as-Syriania."=20 (Etymological Study on Syrian/Syriac Appellation).=20
"'Ou Fakeero Fik." (Thinking of = You)=20
Zaia Kanon =
"Abrohom Nuro Wa' Kitab Tawldotho." This = article is=20 an analysis of Abrohom Nuro's book entitled, 'Tawldotho'.=20
Hurmiz Aboona =
"Mathbah Badr Khan Fi Tiyari Wa Hakari, = 1843-1846."=20 (Badr Khan Massacres in Tiyari and Hakari, 1843-1846)=20

ASSYRIAN SURFING=20 POSTS

A Brief History of the = Assyrian=20 Churches=20
Sargon Gabriel's=20 Network

WITNESSING = LIFE!
As an American Assyrian growing up in Chicago I found = that my=20 experience, outside of my family, was filled with a certain emptiness = that I=20 will try to explain. When I was a little girl we attended the Assyrian=20 Pentecostal Church where I remember there being some very old folks and = very few=20 children and without much or many ages in between. I can also remember = going to=20 the AAA (Assyrian American Association) where most people seemed to be = the age=20 of my parents or older. Again there were not too many young folk; there = was a=20 very big generation gap. I remember feeling empty. In looking back, = perhaps part=20 of the reason for this was that the young folk were absorbed into = America. Also,=20 many of the young families hadn't come from over seas yet. These = memories hold=20 an uneasy sadness for me. It seemed like I was watching the death of a = nation,=20 of a people. My people! But by the time I was sixteen years old, many = had come=20 and I had gained the friendship with Assyrians my own age (and that is = another=20 story all of its own). After this I was hooked for life!=20
Last year, I went to visit my family in Chicago and I = had=20 decided to visit the Church of the East on Touhy Avenue. I went alone = and it was=20 an experience I shall never forget! First let me say that the building = itself=20 was gorgeous, it had the massiveness and structure of an old Chicago = library. I=20 was so impressed! When I entered, I found the people to be very warm and = helpful. I did remember to bring a scarf to wear on my head; at least I = knew=20 this tradition! Upon entering the chapel and I saw pews filled with = hundreds of=20 people. I was shocked! This was not my childhood memory of an Assyrian = church.=20 There were people of all ages. I saw men and women, the very old, the = very young=20 infants, and I also saw young women about to give birth. I was enjoying = this new=20 experience of this big beautiful Assyrian church filled with so many = wonderful=20 people. My people! And then toward the end of the service, when the = communion=20 was beginning, was the point that I saw true life. Entering the chapel = and=20 pouring down the two aisles were children of all sizes, from the very = small to=20 the very tall. I was overwhelmed with emotion. I felt a knot form in my = throat=20 as the tears swelled in my eyes and rolled down my face. There stood = before me=20 the life of a nation, of a people, who were not dying, but who were = filled with=20 life. I saw the whole life cycle in front of my eyes, from the beginning = of the=20 circle right back to where it began again. I knew then, that for = Assyrians, this=20 was not the end.=20
As I stood there, I found I had a few wishes. One was = that my=20 children could be there with me then and to be a part of this whole. And = also, I=20 found myself wishing that as a child my parents had taken me there. I = realized=20 that I had missed the greatness of being a part of this = wholeness.=20
Susan Warda =
California=20

LITERATUS

THE TYARI TRIBES =
a translation
Tyari Takhteta (Lower Tyari) was divided in five = sections or=20 districts. The first, Bnae Bet Ulati, that is, Salabakan gully or=20 valley. This was the centre district of Malik of Tyari = Takhteta. The=20 second was Lizen gully which included the people of Lizen matta or town = and the=20 people of Lagippi matta. The third was Ashita. The fourth = were=20 Hilmun and Geramun and the fifth Barwar. The fourth district, = Geramun and=20 Helmun were considered as part of Tyari Elaeta or Upper Tyari when = Malik=20 Ismael expelled the Turks from that part of the country.=20
Hermun and Geramun were included as part of Tkhumi, = that is, in=20 the boundary of Tyari Takhteta. They were nearer Tkhumi and west of = Ashita.The=20 people of Hermun and Geramun used to deal with Tyari Takhteta = particularly with=20 Ashita which was near them.=20
The dialect of Helmun and Geramun was similar to the = dialect of=20 Barwarnayi which originally the dialect of Tyari.=20
Bnae Helmun and Geramun were the most industrious in = all Tyari=20 Takhteta. They used to spin wool into thread and weaved clothes and = shawls. They=20 used to spin the wool themselves. Their women were the most = talented in=20 spinning wool. Even today (1982) (the year the book was=20 printed) There are some women of Helmun and Geramun who have = preserved=20 this ancient craft of spinning wool and weaving clothes. It was = most=20 profitable industry and their livelihood depended on this trade.=20
The district of Barwar falls south of Tyari Takhteta = and=20 extends east of Upper Zab (Zava) River and west near Khabur River. = The=20 standard of living of Bnae Barwar was similar to all Tyarayi = except their=20 farmlands were extensive, richer and bountiful. But sometimes they = were=20 threatened by their Kurdish neighbours.=20
The laws and customs of Barwarnayi were similar to = those of all=20 Tyaris. There was close relationship among them. Like all = towns of=20 Christians or Muslim, Barwar was under the the orders and authority of = Kurdish=20 Emir of Barwar region appointed by Ottoman government.=20
Ashita was the largest town and had many = buildings. It=20 was the largest town not only in Tyari but also of all the Assyrian = towns. =20 They were farmers and sheep breeders.=20
Bnae Ashita were the hardest workers because their = land was=20 smaller with regard to the number of the families and = buildings. =20 This little space of land obliged them to go harder work to exist. = No=20 other men of Tyari could work as hard as the men of Ashita, particularly = in=20 cutting hay for their sheep. The fields where hay grew were about 3 to 5 = miles=20 distant from where they lived and they had to carry the load on their = backs the=20 hay to the town. This was the heaviest and the hardest work. = Each=20 load of hay weighed about 150 pounds and they had to make two trips each = day up=20 and town the steep mountains.=20
In summer times they had other heavy work such as = collecting=20 fire wood for winter also from far distances. But during the whole = cold=20 winter they had nothing else to do but to care for their sheep feeding = the sheep=20 hay which usually children did. Most of the winter they played = various=20 games in the snow.=20
Ashita was in seven sub-districts and in each=20 dub-district liv ed a particular clan of Tyaris. Some were from = Upper=20 Tyari, others were Bnae Mata, Lizen, Zirni, Bnae Lagippa and some = from Bet=20 Ulata, that is Salabankan gully. All were however under one = name,=20 Ashita or Ashitnayi.=20
Ashiya was under the administration of a headman, = Rayis (which=20 in Arabic means president). The Rayis was recognized by all the=20 clans. Sometimes the Rayis was appointed by Malik of Tyari = Takhteta and in=20 later years by the Patriarch himself.=20
Ashita had only one church, Mar Gewargis which was = situated in=20 the centre of the town. The population of Ashita was sometimes = about 8,000=20 or about 600 families. According to Austen Henry Layard, the = British=20 archaeologist, Ashita had a population of 10,000 in 1840.=20
The standard of living, work, farming and sheep = breeding was=20 same in all towns of Tyari Takhteta except it was less hard than = that in=20 Ashita due to the restricted and hard terrain of the district of = Ashita =20 (Note: Bnae or Bani in ancient Assyrian means Son Of. Mata = means=20 country. Nashi Mata Ashur is translated by Assyriologists as = =94People of=20 the country of Ashur=94).=20
Now (1982) the number of Bnae Ashita is about 25,000 = scattered=20 in various parts of the world. They have 8 villages north of = Mosul,=20 Iraq. A large number is in Baghdad. In education they are = more=20 advanced among the Assyrians in Iraq. They have 37 doctors, many = engineers and=20 about 200 teachers in Iraq. In America there about 200 in Chicago = and=20 Modesto.=20
Bnae Ashita were mainly sheep breeders and farmers. = In summer=20 they used to take their sheep to Zumani, grazing lands where it w as = cool. =20 In winter they would come down to their houses or in warmer = places.=20
When Bnae Ashita reached Iraq (in 1918-1919) few of = them=20 returned tl their villages. In 1950 most of them concentrated in = sending=20 their children to government schools and as a result most of them are=20 literate.=20
In 1909 Malik Yosip of Tyari Takhteta was invited by = Rashid=20 Beg, the Kurdish Emir of Barwar for a meeting. (Kurdish emirs were = appointed by Ottoman government) On his way to Emir`s=20 residence Malik Yosip was assassinated as vengeance against the = Tyaris. =20 Khoshaba, son of Malik Yosip returned from Urmi where he was studying in = American mission school and was informed about that his father was = assassinated=20 by the Kurds.. To avenge the assassination of this father Khoshaba = raised=20 a group of men from Tyari Takhteta, attacked Barwar and stole all the = sheep=20 belonging to Rashid Beg. Kurds chased them but could not recover = the=20 sheep. The brother of Rashid Beg, Saeed Beg, tried to recover the = sheep=20 and was killed in the skirmish.=20
Consequently Rashid Beg raised a large force of Kurds = and=20 attacked a part of Tyari Takhteta. They burned seven villages including = Lizen,=20 Kkhoshaba`s village. A number of Tyari men were = killed. Due to=20 the outbreak of World War I the Tyaris were not able to avenge.=20
Life in Tyari Elaeta, Upper Tyari, was similar to = life in Tyari=20 Takhteta, Lower Tyari. Tyari Elaeta was divided into four parts or=20 districts: Bnae Kaleta, Bnae Rumta, Bnae Dadosh and Bnae = Walto.=20
Bnae Kaleta covered a large part of Tyari = Elaeta.. A=20 number of Bnae Kaleta used to live in Ashita and were considered as part = of=20 Tyari Takhteta. It was said that Bnae Kaleta of Mar Beshu = were part=20 of Tyari Elaeta but we have no evidence to support this. Bnae = Kaleta=20 themselves used to claim that they had come from Arbel = Citadel. It=20 is not known when this took place.=20
This group of Bnae Kaleta was numerous and=20 stronger. Maliks were usually elected from them. No Malek = was=20 elected from other clans of Tyari Elaeta except once. This was = when Khiyyu=20 of Bet Khiyyu of Rumta was elected as Malik. Khiyyu was from a = famous=20 family.   He was the first man to be elected as Malik not only = for=20 Tyari Takhteta but also for Tyari Elaeta. Khiyyu was intelligent, = able and=20 cultured.=20
It was told that once all the men of Tyari had = assembled and=20 had decided to attack a Kurdish tribe that had troubled them in = the=20 grazing lands They had decided to attack in the morning. In = the=20 morning Sulmo, Rayis of Lizen of Tyari Takhtea had changed his mind and = had left=20 the assembly. It was said that he had received a bribe from the = Kurdish=20 agha. It was said that the Kurdish agha had told Rayis Sulmo not to join = in the=20 attack and that he did not care if the others came to attack = him.=20
Malik Khiyyu stood by the decision taken by the = assembly and=20 had said that he alone would go and whoever joined him he would thank = him and=20 those who did not he would also thank. He added: =94 If I go and = lost,=20 there will be weeping on the face of all Tyari but if I win the = face=20 of those that did not join us would be black.=94 He said that if = he lost all=20 the Tyari and the name of Tyari would be disgraced. If he won it would = bring=20 shame to those who refused to join in the attack and help them he=20 explained.=20
The assembled clans joined in the battle. In = the morning=20 the fighters went led by music of zurna and drums. When they = approached=20 the Kurdish village, the Kurds heard the sound of drums. They told the = agha that=20 Tyaris were coming. The agha told them to shut up that the sound of they = heard=20 was of of JUDA (The sheep skin in which masta (yogurt) was being=20 made. How can the Tyaris come there he said.=20
When the Kurdish village guards me the fighters, the = Tyaris=20 were beaten back and retreated. Khiyyu told the fighters: =94This = is how you=20 fight?=94 He drew his sword and led the fighters to the = attack. Three=20 times the Tyaris attacked and were beaten back. They brought bags = of=20 filled flour and held them before them as protection against the Kurdish = bullets. In this way the attack was successful and they beat the=20 Kurds. Until this day that place where the battle was fought is = called=20 KHVARA DQAMKHA. That is, the field of white flour from the flour that = had=20 covered the land. The Tyaris avenged all the past evil deeds = committed by=20 the Kurds of that village and its agha, Smaelo was killed, the = village=20 destroyed and ransacked.=20
In the family of Bet Khiyyu of Rumta many brave men = had=20 risen. The men of Rumta were always ready to fight whenever there = was a=20 battle with the Kurds.=20
In 1909 Lizen was attacked and burned by Rashid Beg = of Barwar.=20 No other clans of Tyari came to aid Lizen except the men of Rumta. = Whenever there was a cry for help, Rumta men were ready and rush to = help. =20 Bnae Rumta were the most disciplined and obeyed the orders to their=20 leaders.=20
Odishu of Rumta, Tyari Elaeta, was reputed to be the = bravest=20 and most courageous young man in Tyari Elaeta. Odishu, aged 22, = together=20 with his uncle Mushi, had one day taken a load of apples to the Kurdish = grazing=20 , called Billy. In this place something like a bazaar or trade fair was=20 sometimes held and people used to take what they wanted to sell or = buy to=20 that place. On their way to Billy Odishu would pick a stone and = sharpen=20 his dagger. His uncle asked why he was doing that?. They = may =20 need it Odushu answered. They reached Billy and laid down their = load of=20 apples for sale. A group of Kurds gathered around them = and =20 wanted to take the apples by force. Odishu and his uncle resisted = and=20 Mushi was killed. Odishu jumped out of the groups of Kurds upon a = high=20 ground. He told the Kurds that you altogether have attacked two of = us and=20 cowardly killed my uncle. If you are men of honor you would come = to me one=20 by one. One of the Kurds, with dagger in his hand, attacked Odishu = but=20 before he could raise his dagger , Odishu dispatched him with rapid = dagger=20 strokes in his chest and the Kurd fell dead. One by one Kurds attacked = Odishu=20 and ten of them were killed. A Tyari woman who had converted to = Islam was=20 there and told the Kurds to wet the lumta (felt) and cover themselves = with=20 it. The dagger would not penetrate the thick wet felt covering. = They did=20 this and when Odishu hit at the attacking Kurd his dagger would = not=20 penetrate. Thus Odishu was killed by the treachery of a Tyari=20 woman`s treachery.=20
Later with great honor men from all the surrounding = grazing=20 lands came and dug 12 graves and buried the 10 Kurds in one row. = On the=20 right side of the row Mushi was buried and on the left Odishu.=20
All Tyari was under the leadership of one Malik who = was in=20 Kampa town. The chair of Malik was hereditary from one = family. Under=20 the leadership of this Malik, Bnae Elaeta fought many battles against = the Kurds=20 and were always victorious.=20
During the leadership of Malik Yaku uncle of Ismail = the second,=20 Turks had come to take the grazing lands of Helmun and Geramun. = This was a=20 new act of aggression against Tyari. Ismail called up all Tyari = Elaeta=20 fighters and attacked the Turks in Geramun , expelled them and = captured =20 all that they had including their tents and arms. The Turks = retreated to=20 their fort in Amadia fortress. That was the last time the Turks had = dared to=20 step in the mountains of Tyari.=20
For saving them from the Turks, families of Bnae = Helmun and=20 Geramun used to give each year one head of sheep to the family of Malik = Yaku and=20 from that day they considered themselves as of Tyari Elaeta even though = they=20 were in the boundary of Tyari Takhteta and were proud of it.=20
Once Ismael, son of Malik Yaku=B4s brother and = without the=20 knowledge or approval of Malik Yaku had gathered around him all = the young=20 men of Tyari Elaeta to fight against the Kurdish town = Maronis. =20 Maronis was a large and strong town in the neighborhood of Tyari. = The men=20 of this town were hardy thieves. During summer grazing period they = used to=20 attack and steal the sheep of Tyaris even the sheep of Malik = Yaku. =20 After the robbery stock was taken of the sheep stolen. All = families=20 donated sheep to those that had lost them.=20
While Ismael was visiting villages to collect sheep = for=20 donating to families whose sheep had been stolen one of the men = accompanying him=20 heard a man say that what was the use, next year the Kurds will steal = them=20 again. This word reached the ears of Ismael. A young, brave = youth of=20 25, was much hurt and saddened by what he had heard. He returned home = without=20 collecting any sheep. He felt much shame in not avenging the theft = of the=20 sheep year after year. Without the knowledge of Malik Yaku he gathered = all the=20 young men of his age of Tyari Elaeta and early morning in = mid-winter=20 raided Maronis burned and ransacked it. The Maronis Kurds did not = avenge=20 this act. They realized that they would be more severely punished = if they=20 did. Thereafter they stopped robbing Tyari sheep.=20
When a Malik died another was elected by all = the=20 tribes. After the Maronis raid, all the people of Tyari requested = that=20 Malik Yaku give up his post to Ismael. Thus young Ismael became = Malik of=20 Tyari Elaeta.=20
Near the Kurdish village, Pyanus, there was a village = of=20 Christians. The Rayis of this village had turned out of his = house=20 his brother and not given him any inheritance from their father. = The=20 brother went to Malik Ismael and told him that his brother had = expelled=20 him and the village and deprived him of his inheritance. = Malik=20 Ismael sent 12 men with him to the Rayis to find out the facts. = Rayis=20 warmly received the Tyaris but at night secretly he send word to Tajir = Agha of=20 Pyanus that Tyaris had come to rob his house. Tajir Agha took with = him=20 some armed men and some Turks went to the Christian village and arrested = the=20 Tyaris. Some of the Tyaris were killed and others were captured = and taken=20 by the Turks to Julemary where they were accused of robbery and = imprisoned=20 for two years.. Malik Ismael tried in many ways to free the men = but=20 without success.=20
After two years the imprisoned men were = released and they=20 returned to their homes in a state of poor health as a result of bad = treatment=20 in the Turkish prison. Malik Ismael gathered up his men and attacked = Pyanus=20 burned it and killed Tajir Agha and thus avenged the 12 Tyaris wrongly = accused=20 and killed.=20
Shamasha Gewargis Bet Benyamin = Bnae=20 Ashita=20

BRAVO

PUMP UP THE=20 VOLUME

ENGLISH MODERN=20 ASSYRIAN GENDER

Spring Nee/sa/neh Masculine

Season aq/ma Masculine

BACK TO THE=20 FUTURE

BC (721-700)=20
The conquest of Palestine by the Assyrian armies was=20 consolidated during Kings Sargon II and Sennacherib. Judah (except = for=20 Jerusalem) was conquered and destroyed and the way to Palestine was = closed to=20 Egyptians. Assyrians built four settlements during this = period: the=20 Gilead, Megiddo, Dor, and Samaria.=20
Archaeology of the Land of the Bible (VOL = II),=20 Stern

AD (585)=20
Synod of Mar Eshooyow, the Catholicos Patriarch of = the Church=20 of the East:=20
"And we decree that any Metropolitan, Bishop, priest = or layman=20 that may belittle, reject or refuse to obey anything which has been = decided upon=20 or command according to the will of Christ by the Patriarch, such a = person we=20 all excommunicate, and by the word of Christ we decree him out from his = office=20 until he is contrite and repentant his guilt and subjects himself to the = supreme=20 of the Church. We also wish to make the point clear to those who may be=20 concerned with this canon, namely, that a priest CAN NOT suspend his = fellow=20 priest, nor a Metropolitan his fellow Metropolitan, nor the Bishops can = suspend=20 their own Metropolitan without an official command in writing from the=20 Patriarch. Nor the Metropolitan by himself without the Bishops under his = jurisdiction, that is, either all or the majority of them, can suspend a = Bishop=20 of his diocese without the command of the Patriarch. The Patriarch = should also=20 suspend a Bishop or a Metropolitan who is needful of correction in = conjunction=20 with a Bishop, but when it is absolutely necessary for the = administration and=20 the peace of the Church, he ( the Patriarch ) is endowed with authority = to=20 suspend any Metropolitan or Bishop."=20
www.Atour.com (History=20 Section)
=20

THIS WEEK IN=20 = HISTORY

March 20, 1843: born, Joseph Dorna, a president of the Assyrian = American=20 National Federation, in Amidya, Turkey.=20

CALENDAR OF=20 = EVENTS

&nb= sp;=20

Sat,=20
Mar = 24 SAN JOSE / SANTA=20 CLARA
KHA B'NEESAN=20 PARTY
Assyrian American Association of San Jose = presents=20
Kha b'Neesan Dinner Dance Party with Walter = Aziz=20
David's Banquet
5151 = Stars and=20 Stripes Drive
Santa Clara =
$45 member $50 non-member=20
Tickets sold every Tuesday and Thursday =
From 8-10 p.m. at AAA of San Jose
For=20 information please call: (408)927-8100 or=20 (408)927-9100

Sun,=20
Mar = 25 CHICAGO=20
ASSYRIAN ACADEMIC SOCIETY LECTURE
The Assyrian Academic Society in conjunction = with the=20 Syriac Cultural Center proudly host a lecture entitled:=20
"History of the Syriac Church and its = People"=20
Lecturer:   Father=20 Yousif Abdhulmasih
Pastor of St. = Mary Virgin=20 Immaculate
Syriac Catholic = Mission=20
5:00 PM
Assyrian = National=20 Council
2450 W. Peterson=20
For more information, call AAS at: (773) = 461-6633=20
or E-mail: staff@aas.net

Sun,=20
Mar = 25 SYDNEY=20
GILGAMESH CULTURAL CENTRE LECTURE=20 NIGHT
"The Aramaic Language, its origin and = history"=20
Miss Ruth Lewin, University of Sydney=20
"Father Abraham, Isaac and Ismail" =
*Rabbi Woolstone=20
6:00 PM
Nineveh = Club=20
Smithfield Rd=20
For more info contact Alfred Mansour at =
(00612) 9832-9888 or Mobile = 0410461755.

Thu,=20
Mar = 29 TORONTO=20
CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR SYRIAC STUDIES=20 LECTURE
"Syriac Heritage at the Northern Silk Road: The = Archaological & Epigraphic Evidence of Christianity in=20 Kirghizia"
by Dr. Vassilios Klein, Bonn = University
8:00 PM
Auditorium, Earth Sciences Centre, Room 1050 =
5 Bancroft Avenue
University = of Toronto,=20 St. George Campus=20
Since the 1890s Kirghizia has attracted the attention of = scholars in=20 the field of Syriac epigraphy, when Daniel Chwolson published = about 600=20 Syriac funerary inscriptions found there. The discovery of = these=20 inscriptions came as a surprise since there was little literary = evidence=20 that Christianity had played any important role in the lands = located to=20 the north of the Tianshan Mountains. In recent years = archaeological=20 excavations in the Middle Age capital revealed a church with three = naves=20 and the grave of a holy man. Taking into consideration these = excavations, the other religions coexisting with Christianity in = Central=20 Asia, and the political history of that region at that time, we = shall=20 describe the role played by East Syriac (so called Nestorian)=20 Christianity and the Syriac language in the daily life of = the=20 Sogdian and Turkish people.

Fri,=20
Mar = 30 CHICAGO=20
HANN= IBAL=20 ALKHAS LECTURE & ART EXHIBIT
Sponsored by the Center For Middle Eastern = Studies=20
University of Chicago=20
Pick Hall
4-6 = PM=20
For more info contact Mrs. Saboori:=20 773-381-2065

Sat,=20
Mar = 31 TORONTO=20
AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY PANEL=20 DISCUSSION
"Writing Syriac: From Stone to = Bytes"=20
Chair: Prof. Amir Harrak, University of=20 Toronto =20
1:00 p.m.-3:30 p.m. =20
1. Marica Cassis, University of=20 Toronto
The bema in the West = and East=20 Syriac Churches =20
2. Amir Harrak, University of = Toronto =20
Patriarchal Tombstones at the Monastery of = Rabban=20 Hormizd: Types and Origins=20
3. Wolfhart Heinrichs, Harvard = University =20
Turkish Karshuni=20
(Break) =20
4. George Kiraz, Syriac Computing = Institute =20
From Parchment to Open Type: The = Development of=20 Syriac Digital Types =20
5. Wassilios Klein, Bonn = University =20
Writing Syriac and Speaking Turkic in Light = of=20 Central Asian Tombstone Inscriptions =20
6. Eden Naby, Harvard University =20
The Cultural Context for Writing Syriac = During the=20 19th and 20th Centuries=20
Panel to be held at the 211th Meeting of the = American=20 Oriental Society
Toronto Colony = Hotel=20
89 Chestnut Street

Sat,=20
Mar = 31 CHICAGO=20
HANNIBAL = ALKHAS LECTURE=20 & ART EXHIBIT
Assyrian Universal Alliance=20 Foundation
Clark Avenue =
co-sponsored by Khaneh Iran
6:00-9:00=20 PM
For more info contact Mrs. Saboori:=20 773-381-2065

Sun,=20
Apr = 1 FAIRFIELD,=20 AUSTRALIA
AKITU ASSYRIAN=20 FESTIVAL
Organized by a network of Assyrian youth, the = Assyrian=20 community and the wider Australian multi-cultural community =
AKITU ASSYRIAN NEW YEAR 6751
Fairfield Showground
Smithfield=20 Road=20
9:00 AM
Parade = 12:00=20 PM =20
Games, rides, shows, drama, & = Fireworks=20
Information and international food = booths=20
Assyrian and English musical bands and DJ = music.=20
For more info: Nina @ 0416041432 or=20 toomani@cba.com.au
          &nb= sp;           =20 Maji @ 0404124930

Mon-Wed,=20
Apr = 2-4 CHICAGO=20
HANNIBAL ALKHAS=20 LECTURES & ART EXHIBITS
Northeastern University
University Art Exhibition Center=20
For more info contact Mrs. Saboori:=20 773-381-2065

Sat,=20
Apr = 7 HOLLAND=20
A MASTERS THESIS = PRESENTATION
Presented by the Assyrian Aid Society of=20 Netherlands=20
Speaker: Ms. Adrin Takhsh =
Topic: "Are Assyrians a Nation?"=20
5:00 PM
Delft = Centrum=20
Koorn Markt 48a
in = 2612 VJ=20 Delft=20
For more information contact: = ++31-(0)628-225=20 123

Until =
May = 6 DETROIT=20
TREASURES FROM THE ROYAL TOMBS OF UR
Objects from one of the most = important=20 archaeological finds=20
The = Detroit=20 Institute of Arts
5200 Woodward = Avenue=20
Adults $8, Children $5: includes audio = tour and=20 museum admission

Thu, =20
May = 24 KALU SULAQA = : Bride of=20 the Ascension Festival
This year marks the 600th = anniversary=20 of the remembrance of the men and women who died in 1401 A.D. when = Timurlane attacked the Assyrian villages near Nineveh. Each = year=20 children dress-up as brides and grooms and go to homes in the = neighborhood=20 to collect sweets.=20
Nakosha = "Assyrian=20 Holidays" Calendar

Sat-Sun=20
Jun = 2-3 NEW BRITAIN,=20 CONNECTICUT
TAKA ARDISHAY = WEEKEND
Dinner on Saturday -
Catered=20 dinner (American) and Middle Eastern music (a mix of Assyrian, = Turkish,=20 Greek and Armenian)=20
Picnic on Monday - Lots of fun, food, and = music=20
Tickets $35 for adults (less for = students)=20
After 9:30 - 10 PM, just $15 for = dancing.=20
Location: Church Ballroom of St. Thomas = Assyrian=20 Church

M-F,=20
Jul = 2-6 FINLAND=20
XLVIIe RENCONTRE ASSYRIOLOGIQUE=20 INTERNATIONALE
International Congress of Assyriology and Near = Eastern=20 Archaeology
"Sex and Gender in = the Ancient=20 Near East"
University of = Helsinki=20
Registration Form: clickhere

Jul = 22 NOOSARDEL
A festival celebrating = the descent of=20 the god Tammuz to the Underworld and the end of spring in=20 Bet-Nahrain. It is customary to sprinkle water on friends = and family=20 members, wishing for Tammuz' safe return to his beloved=20 Ishtar.

Aug = 7 MARTYRS=20 DAY
A day to commemorate the = Assyrian=20 martyrs throughout history.

Aug 28 - Sept=20 3 SAN JOSE,=20 CALIFORNIA
ASSYRIAN = AMERICAN=20 NATIONAL = CONVENTION

=20

Thank=20 You!

        Sharokin = Betgevariz=20 (Chicago)......Dr. Eden Naby (Harvard University)......Tomy Doomany=20 (California)
Edmond Williams (Chicago) =

           SHARE YOUR INFORMATIONWITH READERSIN 55 = COUNTRIES BY=20 INCLUDING ZINDA MAGAZINE IN YOUR COMMUNITYOR ORGANIZATION'SMAILING=20 LIST.
SEE OUR = MAILING=20 ADDRESS BELOW.
ZINDA Magazineis published=20 everyTuesday. Views expressed in ZINDA do not necessarilyrepresent = thoseof=20 the ZINDA editors, or any of our associated staff. This = publicationreserves the=20 right,at its sole discretion, not to publishcomments = orarticlespreviously=20 printedin or submitted to other journals.ZINDA reservesthe rightto = publish and=20 republish your submission in any formor medium.All lettersand = messages =20 require the name(s) of sender and/orauthor.All messagespublished in the = SURFS=20 UP! section must be in 500 wordsorless and bear thename of the = author(s).=20 Distribution of material featuredinZINDA is not restricted,but = permission from=20 ZINDA is required. Thisservice is meant for theexchange of information, = analyses=20 and news.To subscribe,send e-mail = to:z_info@zindamagazine.com.=20

Zinda = Magazine=20
101 E. San Fernando Street =
Suite 505
San = Jose,=20 California 95112
Voice    (408) 918-9200 =
Fax     (408) = 289-9996
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Sat,=20 Mar = 24	SAN JOSE / SANTA=20 CLARA KHA B'NEESAN=20 PARTY Assyrian American Association of San Jose = presents=20 Kha b'Neesan Dinner Dance Party with Walter = Aziz=20 David's Banquet 5151 = Stars and=20 Stripes Drive Santa Clara = $45 member $50 non-member=20 Tickets sold every Tuesday and Thursday = From 8-10 p.m. at AAA of San Jose For=20 information please call: (408)927-8100 or=20 (408)927-9100
Sun,=20 Mar = 25	CHICAGO=20 ASSYRIAN ACADEMIC SOCIETY LECTURE The Assyrian Academic Society in conjunction = with the=20 Syriac Cultural Center proudly host a lecture entitled:=20 "History of the Syriac Church and its = People"=20 Lecturer: Father=20 Yousif Abdhulmasih Pastor of St. = Mary Virgin=20 Immaculate Syriac Catholic = Mission=20 5:00 PM Assyrian = National=20 Council 2450 W. Peterson=20 For more information, call AAS at: (773) = 461-6633=20 or E-mail: staff@aas.net
Sun,=20 Mar = 25	SYDNEY=20 GILGAMESH CULTURAL CENTRE LECTURE=20 NIGHT "The Aramaic Language, its origin and = history"=20 Miss Ruth Lewin, University of Sydney=20 "Father Abraham, Isaac and Ismail" = *Rabbi Woolstone=20 6:00 PM Nineveh = Club=20 Smithfield Rd=20 For more info contact Alfred Mansour at = (00612) 9832-9888 or Mobile = 0410461755.
Thu,=20 Mar = 29	TORONTO=20 CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR SYRIAC STUDIES=20 LECTURE "Syriac Heritage at the Northern Silk Road: The = Archaological & Epigraphic Evidence of Christianity in=20 Kirghizia" by Dr. Vassilios Klein, Bonn = University 8:00 PM Auditorium, Earth Sciences Centre, Room 1050 = 5 Bancroft Avenue University = of Toronto,=20 St. George Campus=20 Since the 1890s Kirghizia has attracted the attention of = scholars in=20 the field of Syriac epigraphy, when Daniel Chwolson published = about 600=20 Syriac funerary inscriptions found there. The discovery of = these=20 inscriptions came as a surprise since there was little literary = evidence=20 that Christianity had played any important role in the lands = located to=20 the north of the Tianshan Mountains. In recent years = archaeological=20 excavations in the Middle Age capital revealed a church with three = naves=20 and the grave of a holy man. Taking into consideration these = excavations, the other religions coexisting with Christianity in = Central=20 Asia, and the political history of that region at that time, we = shall=20 describe the role played by East Syriac (so called Nestorian)=20 Christianity and the Syriac language in the daily life of = the=20 Sogdian and Turkish people.
Fri,=20 Mar = 30	CHICAGO=20 HANN= IBAL=20 ALKHAS LECTURE & ART EXHIBIT Sponsored by the Center For Middle Eastern = Studies=20 University of Chicago=20 Pick Hall 4-6 = PM=20 For more info contact Mrs. Saboori:=20 773-381-2065
Sat,=20 Mar = 31	TORONTO=20 AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY PANEL=20 DISCUSSION "Writing Syriac: From Stone to = Bytes"=20 Chair: Prof. Amir Harrak, University of=20 Toronto =20 1:00 p.m.-3:30 p.m. =20 1. Marica Cassis, University of=20 Toronto The bema in the West = and East=20 Syriac Churches =20 2. Amir Harrak, University of = Toronto =20 Patriarchal Tombstones at the Monastery of = Rabban=20 Hormizd: Types and Origins=20 3. Wolfhart Heinrichs, Harvard = University =20 Turkish Karshuni=20 (Break) =20 4. George Kiraz, Syriac Computing = Institute =20 From Parchment to Open Type: The = Development of=20 Syriac Digital Types =20 5. Wassilios Klein, Bonn = University =20 Writing Syriac and Speaking Turkic in Light = of=20 Central Asian Tombstone Inscriptions =20 6. Eden Naby, Harvard University =20 The Cultural Context for Writing Syriac = During the=20 19th and 20th Centuries=20 Panel to be held at the 211th Meeting of the = American=20 Oriental Society Toronto Colony = Hotel=20 89 Chestnut Street
Sat,=20 Mar = 31	CHICAGO=20 HANNIBAL = ALKHAS LECTURE=20 & ART EXHIBIT Assyrian Universal Alliance=20 Foundation Clark Avenue = co-sponsored by Khaneh Iran 6:00-9:00=20 PM For more info contact Mrs. Saboori:=20 773-381-2065
Sun,=20 Apr = 1	FAIRFIELD,=20 AUSTRALIA AKITU ASSYRIAN=20 FESTIVAL Organized by a network of Assyrian youth, the = Assyrian=20 community and the wider Australian multi-cultural community = AKITU ASSYRIAN NEW YEAR 6751 Fairfield Showground Smithfield=20 Road=20 9:00 AM Parade = 12:00=20 PM =20 Games, rides, shows, drama, & = Fireworks=20 Information and international food = booths=20 Assyrian and English musical bands and DJ = music.=20 For more info: Nina @ 0416041432 or=20 toomani@cba.com.au &nb= sp; =20 Maji @ 0404124930
Mon-Wed,=20 Apr = 2-4	CHICAGO=20 HANNIBAL ALKHAS=20 LECTURES & ART EXHIBITS Northeastern University University Art Exhibition Center=20 For more info contact Mrs. Saboori:=20 773-381-2065
Sat,=20 Apr = 7	HOLLAND=20 A MASTERS THESIS = PRESENTATION Presented by the Assyrian Aid Society of=20 Netherlands=20 Speaker: Ms. Adrin Takhsh = Topic: "Are Assyrians a Nation?"=20 5:00 PM Delft = Centrum=20 Koorn Markt 48a in = 2612 VJ=20 Delft=20 For more information contact: = ++31-(0)628-225=20 123
Until = May = 6	DETROIT=20 TREASURES FROM THE ROYAL TOMBS OF UR Objects from one of the most = important=20 archaeological finds=20 The = Detroit=20 Institute of Arts 5200 Woodward = Avenue=20 Adults $8, Children $5: includes audio = tour and=20 museum admission
Thu, =20 May = 24	KALU SULAQA = : Bride of=20 the Ascension Festival This year marks the 600th = anniversary=20 of the remembrance of the men and women who died in 1401 A.D. when = Timurlane attacked the Assyrian villages near Nineveh. Each = year=20 children dress-up as brides and grooms and go to homes in the = neighborhood=20 to collect sweets.=20 Nakosha = "Assyrian=20 Holidays" Calendar
Sat-Sun=20 Jun = 2-3	NEW BRITAIN,=20 CONNECTICUT TAKA ARDISHAY = WEEKEND Dinner on Saturday - Catered=20 dinner (American) and Middle Eastern music (a mix of Assyrian, = Turkish,=20 Greek and Armenian)=20 Picnic on Monday - Lots of fun, food, and = music=20 Tickets $35 for adults (less for = students)=20 After 9:30 - 10 PM, just $15 for = dancing.=20 Location: Church Ballroom of St. Thomas = Assyrian=20 Church
M-F,=20 Jul = 2-6	FINLAND=20 XLVIIe RENCONTRE ASSYRIOLOGIQUE=20 INTERNATIONALE International Congress of Assyriology and Near = Eastern=20 Archaeology "Sex and Gender in = the Ancient=20 Near East" University of = Helsinki=20 Registration Form: clickhere
Jul = 22	NOOSARDEL A festival celebrating = the descent of=20 the god Tammuz to the Underworld and the end of spring in=20 Bet-Nahrain. It is customary to sprinkle water on friends = and family=20 members, wishing for Tammuz' safe return to his beloved=20 Ishtar.
Aug = 7	MARTYRS=20 DAY A day to commemorate the = Assyrian=20 martyrs throughout history.
Aug 28 - Sept=20 3	SAN JOSE,=20 CALIFORNIA ASSYRIAN = AMERICAN=20 NATIONAL = CONVENTION

ENGLISH	MODERN=20 ASSYRIAN	GENDER
Spring	Nee/sa/neh	Masculine
Season	aq/ma	Masculine