January 9 2001

THE SURETH-SPEAKING VILLAGES IN EASTERN=20 TURKEY

I shall deal with some Aramaic-speaking villages = located in=20 Eastern Turkey that I have personally visited on several occasions. One = of the=20 reasons for the choice of this subjects that the very existence of these = villages is barely known to the outside world. The best documented=20 Aramaic-speaking population in Turkey is that of Tur Abdin, the hilly = area of=20 the north-east of Mardin, surrounding the small city of Midiad. In Tur = Abdin,=20 the people speak a rather specific dialect of Aramaic called Turoyo, and = they=20 are followers of the Jacobite Church, i.e., the West Syrian Church. The = villages=20 we shall consider are located at a short distance to the east of Tur = Abdin, on=20 the other bank of the Tigris, in the vicinity of the Hakkari mountains.=20 Linguistically, these villages speak Sureth, the major and most common = surviving=20 dialect of Neo-Aramaic. Religiously, they belong to the Chaldean Church = which=20 was originally apart of the Eastern Syriac Church that split to align = itself=20 with the Roman Catholic Church.

As indicated above, = the=20 existence of some thousands of Sureth-speakers within the borders of = modern=20 Turkey is a fact hardly known to people. The general feeling is that all = of the=20 Sureth-speaking population of Turkey migrated to Iran and then to Iraq = during=20 the First World War. It is therefore pertinent to point out that this = migration=20 concerned only the so-called Assyrian =93Tribes=94, the followers of Mar = Shimun,=20 whose territory was situated to the eat of our villages. The villagers = under=20 consideration were not followers of Mar Shimun; moreover, they were not=20 independent like the tribes (Ashiret). Instead, they were Rayats, = subject to the=20 power of certain Kurdish chieftains. Thanks to the protection of their=20 landlords, they were spared from the massacres of the War, and they were = able to=20 maintain themselves in the area.

In fact, up to very recently, Eastern Turkey was = the only=20 place where it was possible to observe Sureth-speaking mountaineers = leading=20 their traditional life. This situation is rapidly changing since most of = them=20 are involved in a process of some migration to France, where they settle = in the=20 northern suburbs of Paris. It is presumed that very few of them will = stay in=20 their native homeland any longer.

Location of the = Villages.=20 The first village, Artvan, is relatively isolated from the rest; it is = situated=20 some kilometers east of Si=92irt, the Arabic-speaking city of the upper = Euphrates.=20 The dialect of this village was the subject of a publication by Otto = Jastrow in=20 1971 in the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft. The = other=20 villages are located to the east of the city of Djezire on the Tigris = and are=20 very close to the intersection of the borders of Turkey, Syria and=20 Iraq.

A first group is to the southeast, where the = villages=20 occupy different places along the road from Djezire to Zakho (Iraq), = with=20 Hassana in the plain, Bespina on the hillside, and Harbol on the other = side of=20 the pass. A second group -- including Deran, Djennet, and Birinji -- is = found to=20 the northeast, along the road from Djezire to Sirnak. Further east, on = the main=20 road to Hakkari, one finds Eshshi and Baznayeh, situated on the slopes = above=20 Shabona. A third group, Mehre, is located in the high pastures = overlooking=20 Eshshi, and it is reached in ten hours by foot. The last village, = Gaznakh, is=20 located further east, and some 15 kilometers to the west of=20 Beytishabab..

Description of the Villages To give an = idea of=20 the main features of these villages, I shall select two of them, namely = Harbol=20 and Eshshi.

They layout for Harbol is semi-circular. = It rests=20 on the mountain slope, opening to the south at a very short distance = from the=20 border of Iraq. At night, the lights of Zakho are seen from terraces of = the=20 houses. It is an extremely beautiful village with an elaborate street = pattern.=20 The houses are built from dry stones. They have flat-terraced roofs = supported by=20 beams of poplars, used for sleeping during the summer. The houses are = very close=20 to each other, and it is often convenient to move from house to house by = the=20 roof rather than by using the narrow lanes.

The main = church=20 was recently destroyed and replaced with a cube in concrete with nothing = remarkable about it. However, a small church dedicated to Bne Shmuni has = survived the tendency toward modernization. This church, which has a = plain=20 structure of dry stones, lies at the outskirts of the village and is = surrounded=20 by a cemetery in a walnut orchard. It is oriented to the south, and it = has two=20 gates that open on a plain courtyard to the west. Incidentally, the = north gate=20 is for women and the south gate is for men. Except for two plain crosses = engraved on the lintel of the gates, the church has no specific=20 decoration.

Harbol is in close proximity to a = coal-mine which=20 is intensively exploited. Consequently, it is easy to reach the village, = since=20 many trucks come to the mine from Djezire. The road reaches the gardens = of the=20 village, but does not enter it. In fact, the village and the mine are = two=20 distinct, autonomous worlds, which co-exist in immediate vicinity to = each other.=20 The mine will in the end be the cause for the demise of the village. In = fact,=20 there are plans to relocate the village in the western region of Turkey. = It is=20 likely that Harbol no longer exists.

Eshshi sits on = the banks=20 of a steep valley dominated by huge cliffs. It is not as compact as = Harbol.=20 Though its houses are similar to those in Harbol, they are more = detached. At the=20 foot of the village runs a stream which operates two mills. The stream = is=20 crossed on a single bridge. The path goes through the orchards and = houses until=20 it finally reaches the main square, where the priest's house and the = church are=20 located. The church is a massive building in dry stones, and the nave is = a=20 single arch oriented to the east, with light entering only from three = openings=20 in the rear wall. Unfortunately, the structure of the wall separating = the altar=20 from the nave has recently been modified in a less impressive manner. = The nave=20 contains no chairs or benches; the parishioners sit on the ground, with = the=20 women at the back, and the men near the altar.

Public=20 facilities in both villages are either non-existent or very primitive. = There are=20 no roads, no electricity, no water system (other than the stream running = through=20 the village), and no sanitary conveniences. Most of the villagers are = illiterate=20 in their mother tongue. The priest teaches the Syriac alphabet only to = some male=20 children who are trained to become deacons. Recently, the two villages = have been=20 provided with governmental schools where teachers instruct the pupils in = the=20 Turkish language.

Dress, Food and Social Life The = traditional=20 dress of the villagers is similar to that of the neighboring Kurds. Men = wear=20 long cylindrical trousers, a shirt with narrow sleeves, and a = waistcoast, all=20 made of wool tinted with natural walnut color. A broad belt shelters a = variety=20 of objects: a knife, a watch, a gun, a tobacco set, etc. The head is = covered=20 with one or two kerchiefs worn int he Kurdish fashion, or with a = republican cap,=20 or with a combination of both. The old-fashioned shoes made of boarskin = belong=20 to the past due to the inconsistencies in = modernization.

The=20 women wear a blouse with long sleeves and a skirt above the trousers = made of=20 cotton fabrics. They generally cover their long hair with a white scarf = and wear=20 heavy earrings and a gold nail in the nose.

The day = begins=20 quite early with a breakfast consisting of bread -- basked either in the = clay=20 oven (tanura) or on a reversed iron pan (doqa) --, butter, honey, = yogurt, white=20 cheese, etc. For lunch and supper, more consistent food will be brought = on a=20 large tray with a central dish of rice, bulgur, or pasta, together with = some=20 boiled meat and vegetables. All the males present in the house, and = occasionally=20 some elderly women, will eat first; and then the women and the children = take=20 their turn. In fact, the community is marked with strong social=20 stratification.

The women are continuously busy with = various=20 domestic chores; by contrast, the men get entangled in lengthy and, at = times,=20 endless discussions, while smoking handmade cigarettes and drinking = several=20 glasses of black tea. The villagers marry quite early -- males at age = eighteen,=20 and females at fifteen. Celibacy is considered eccentric; therefore, the = village=20 priest is expected to marry notwitstanding his allegiance to the Roman = Catholic=20 faith. Of course, the ideal family is one with the maximum number of = children=20 that a woman can bear.

Economic Activities The main = business=20 of the villagers is raising sheep and goats. In winter, the females are = kept=20 close to the village; towards the end of April, assuming climatic = conditions=20 allow it, almost the entire village will follow the flock to the high = pastures=20 where the animals mate and give birth. Each village, whether Christian = or=20 Moslem, has a designated summer territory (Zozan) located a few hours = from the=20 village. The summer months are spent in Zozani, sheltered under long = black tents=20 made of goat hair.

Most of the day, the men follow = their=20 flocks along perilous slopes. If they are too far from camp, they spend = the=20 night in the open, protected by their heavy felt coat. The role of the = women is=20 more substantial: They collect wood from the oak trees, milk the sheep = and goats=20 twice daily, and carry large chunks of snow on their backs to create = artificial=20 ponds. These ponds are the sole source of drinking water. In addition, = the women=20 handle the daily chores of cooking the food, baking the bread, and = churning the=20 milk in a goat skin to extract the butter and to make the cheese and=20 yogurt.

In August, when the snow melts, the villagers = return=20 to the villages to hold the annual big bargain. They sell all the males = of the=20 flock in Djezire. For most of them, this is the only occasion of the = year to=20 have some cash. This is the time to buy necessities for survival through = the=20 long winter ahead. In particular, they buy tea, sugar, rice, and wheat = which is=20 either boiled into bulgur or ground into flour in the water=20 mills.

Before stocking up their winter provisions, = they shear=20 the sheep and dye the wool. Then the women spin it even when they are = relaxing.=20 Inf act, one can hardly see a woman without her spinning top nearby. The = girls=20 sit at the corner of a roof or on a tree branch, in order to have = sufficient=20 height for the spindle to hang down and stretch the wool thread. When = this is=20 done, the weaving is left to the males; they spend most of their winter = days in=20 front of their primitive horizontal looms.

There are = only a=20 crops in the villages. They grow some fruits and vegetables, and they = raise some=20 poultry. Another substantial economic activity, profitable but very = dangerous,=20 is trading across the nearby border.

Emigration Until = the end=20 of the 1960's, these villages were naturally oriented toward the south. = The=20 border between Turkey and Iraq was purely an administrative line, with = almost no=20 effect on the life of the local people. They still remember the Jewish = peddlers=20 of Zakho who used to tour their villages before 1952. For them, the main = city=20 was Mosul, and they used to visit their relatives as far south as = Baghdad,=20 without holding any kind of legal documents. The first villager to go = west was a=20 young boy who was sent to Istanbul in the late 1950's for education in a = French=20 seminary. This was a total breakaway for him, as he was did not = understand a=20 word of French or Turkish.

Conditions have changed = drastically=20 in the last fifteen years, because the borders have become less = permissive.=20 Also, road was constructed between Djezire and Hakkari. With the sudden=20 improvement of the transportation system in Turkey, it became easier to = reach=20 Istanbul than Mosul. Moreover, schools were constructed in the villages, = and the=20 Turkish language became familiar to the people.

The = villages=20 were obviously overpopulated, and it was natural that a significant = number of=20 their inhabitants left to seek their fortune in the cities. Some of them = were=20 not satisfied even with their life in Istanbul, and they went further = west,=20 settling in France, constituting there a community which increased every = year.=20 This opening to the west had a strong effect on the mind of the = villagers. In=20 the past two years, they decided collectively to leave their native = homeland and=20 to migrate "en masse" to France, which they manage to reach legally or=20 otherwise. Today, only a few Christian families remain in the villages, = and many=20 of the houses are now occupied by local Kurds.

The = explanation=20 they offer for their migration is ideological. They claim they want to = join the=20 Christians. But they soon realize, much to their disappointment, that = the French=20 make no distinction between them and other Turkish migrants. Obviously, = there=20 were other reasons for their migration, both economical and political.=20 Economically, life was getting more difficult in those mountains; = politically,=20 the Turkish military were tightening their grip on Turkish=20 Kurdistan.

At the present, most of the villagers dwell = in=20 compact groups in lodgings in a rather depressing and unattractive = industrial=20 area, apparently without regret for their native mountains. Somehow, = they find=20 their way in French society. The young men work in the confectionery = business,=20 imitating the Turkish immigrants. The elderly remain idle. In fact, most = men=20 over the age of forty have no social role, and they depend upon their = families=20 for survival; they do not even try to learn French. Interestingly, the = womenfolk=20 seem to adapt better to the ambient society, and to learn the language = faster,=20 although they are confined to domestic jobs.

It is too = early=20 to note any deep change in the social structure of their colonies in the = suburbs=20 of Paris, which are an imitation of their native villages. Undoubtedly, = certain=20 changes will occur soon; changes that they did not foresee when they = took the=20 decision to move to the unknown world, with no hope of returning to = their=20 homeland. It is anticipated that these people, especially the younger=20 generations and the oncoming generations, will soon learn or acquire the = French=20 language, and will adopt French culture, thus endangering their very = existence=20 as an ethnic group. Being only a small minority, without deep-seated = awareness=20 of their language and culture, will facilitate their early acculturation = and=20 assimilation.

Professor Bruno=20 Poizat
Universite Pierre et Marie=20 Curie
France

The above article appeared in = the first=20 issue of the Jouranl of Assyrian Academic Society (1985-86). It is = based=20 on an address given by Professor BrunoPoizat on April 27, 1986, at a = gathering=20 of the Assyrian Academic Societyheld at Loyola University,=20 Chicago.

GOODMORNING=20 = BET-NAHRAIN

AUA SECRETARY DISCUSSES IMPROVEMENTS IN=20 IRAN

(ZNDA: San Jose) On = Sunday, the=20 Secretary of the Assyrian Universal Alliance for Asia, Mr. Yonathan = Bet-Kolia,=20 spoke at a special meeting of the AUA in San Jose, California to an = estimated=20 group of 200 attendees. Bet-Kolia, also the Representative of the=20 Assyrians in Iran's Parliament or Majlis, has recently arrived = from Iran=20 and is meeting with other executive members of the AUA in the United = States and=20 Europe. In his report to the audience gathered Sunday at the = Church of the=20 East Hall, Bet-Kolia explained that there are currently 10 Assyrian = central=20 committees or "Motwas" in Iran. They are the central committees of = Tehran,=20 Karaj, Ahwaz, Kermanshah, Hamadan, Tabriz, Urmie, Qazvin, Shahinshahr, = and the=20 village of Ada. Each committee is composed of several members of = the=20 regional cultural, religious, and social groups. All activities = pertaining=20 to the Assyrian communities of that region are coordinated by the = central=20 committee of that region. Bet-Kolia spoke favorably about the = support=20 offered by the Islamic government in Iran to the Assyrian population in = that=20 country. He commented on such recent improvements as the = government's=20 recent decision to allow Assyrian schools be administered by Assyrian = officials=20 and principals. A similar decree from the government now permits = the=20 building of new churches in Iran, a task previously proscribed by the=20 hard-liners in the government. "Among the many challenges facing = the=20 Assyrians in Iran is the unavailability of Assyrian teachers and = administrators=20 in Iran", said Bet-Kolia. Since the 1979 Islamic Revolution the = population=20 of Assyrians in Iran has been reduced from 250,000 to less than 30,000, = due to=20 emigration to Europe and North America.

As for the economic = improvements,=20 Bet-Kolia noted that 24 lots have been purchased for the construction of = affordable housing for the Assyrians families and a 30,000 square-meter = land in=20 Urmie is to be used in the construction of a sports stadium. =

Until=20 now in case of an accident resulting in a fatality Assyrian families = were=20 compensated for a total amount of 300,000 Tumans (approximately 300 = dollars);=20 whereas, a Moslem citizen could receive as much as 6.1 million = Tumans. The=20 government in Iran, Bet-Kolia explained, has in the past year reformed = the=20 "blood money" law for the Christians and an Assyrian family may be = compensated=20 up to 5.6 million Tumans.

Bet-Kolia also commented that Assyrian = women=20 were invited to participate as members of a Women's NGO = (non-governmental=20 organization) in Iran. This organization will attend the Women's=20 conferences around the globe and actively engage in the United Nation's=20 discussions pertaining to the women's rights and socio-economic=20 conditions.

Other officials of the AUA present at the Sunday = meeting were=20 Secretary General of the AUA, Senator John Nimrod; Mr. Homer Ashurian, = Mr.=20 Freydoun Darmo from England, and Ms. Suzy Davis from Australia. = Ms. Davis=20 reported on the recent progress of the Human Rights Committee of the=20 AUA.

Bishop Mar Bawai Soro of the Church of the East was also in=20 attendance and praised the Assyrian Universal Alliance for taking = necessary=20 steps in defending the rights of the Assyrian people around the=20 world.

AFGHANISTAN ESTABLISHES DEATH PENALTY FOR = CHRISTIAN=20 MISSIONARIES

Courtesy of Fidas Vatican News = Agency

(ZNDA: Kabul) From = now on,=20 anyone who converts to Christianity, preaches the gospel, or = proselytizes in=20 Afghanistan can be condemned to death. The decision was decreed by = Mohammed=20 Omar, leader of the Taliban movement, which over the past 4 years has = imposed=20 the "shariah" in virtually the entire Afghan territory. The "shariah" is = Islamic=20 law applied to civil society. The news was confirmed this week by = Vatican=20 Radio.

In addition, the = measure=20 provides for other punishments; for example, the proprietors of = bookstores=20 selling offensive books or sources for the propagation of "false = beliefs," will=20 be punished by 5 years of imprisonment. The harsh measures of the = Taliban leader=20 are justified by stating that they defend the country from alleged = attempts of=20 unidentified "enemies" of Islam, both within and without, who seek to = "corrupt=20 Muslims by offering them economic incentives if they convert to = Christianity or=20 Judaism."

NEWS = DIGEST=20

BUSH NOMINATES LEBANESE-AMERICAN = CHRISTIAN AS=20 ENERGY SECRETARY

(ZNDA: Washington) = =20 President-elect = George W.=20 Bush has nominated former Michigan Senator Spencer Abraham as=20 EnergySecretary. Abraham was defeated in his November re-election bid by = Democrat=20 DebbieStabenow. He had voiced interest in the transportation job, but = was=20 interviewedfor the energy post. Sen. Abraham knows the issues of energy = policy,=20 and he understands theissues and challenges before us," Bush said. "He = is ready=20 to join us in seekingenergy security for the United States. National = security=20 depends on energysecurity." Added Abraham, "I think it is a = testament to=20 the special place that Americais that a grandson of poor Lebanese = immigrants can=20 have the opportunity toserve in the Cabinet of the president of the = United=20 States." Abraham said.

3D""=20 =20 Abraham, 48, served one term in the Senate before losing his contest = with=20 Stabenowthis past November. Prior to his six-year stint there, he worked = as a=20 deputychief of staff to Vice President Dan Quayle when Bush's father, = former=20 PresidentGeorge Bush, occupied the White House. He also helped raise = money for=20 congressionalRepublicans in 1992 as an aide with the National Republican = CongressionalCommittee. His flagship issue as a senator was not = energy=20 policy but immigration,and he spent much of his time there seeking to = expand=20 opportunities for legalimmigrants to the United States.

But during his one term in Congress' upper chamber, Abraham = co-sponsored=20 legislation to eliminate the Energy Department. According to = congressional=20 records, Abraham backed a bill sponsored by Sen. Rod Grams -- the = recently=20 ousted Minnesota Republican -- to abolish the department, transfer most = of its=20 functions to the Department of the Interior, and create an Energy = Programs=20 Resolution Agency headed by an administrator.

His maternal grandfather came to America from Lebanon. He began = as a=20 peddlerand eventually opened his own grocery store. His paternal = grandfather=20 wasalso a Lebanese immigrant who worked in the West Virginia coalmines = before=20 seeking a better life in Michigan as an auto worker and grocery = storeowner. Like=20 his father before him, Spence's dad was an auto worker. He and his wife = pursued=20 the American Dream of owning their own business, a small shop indowntown = Lansing.

Born in East Lansing, = Spencer=20 stayed in his hometownto attend college at Michigan State = University. As=20 the first member of hisfamily with a college degree, Spencer went on to = attend=20 Harvard Law School,where he founded the Federalist Society and a = conservative=20 law journal. Atage 30, he became one of America's youngest and most = successful=20 RepublicanState Chairmen.

SURF'S = UP!=20

" I'm astonished to read in your magazine = that true=20 father of our nationalism, the greatest hero of our times, General Agha = Petros=20 was reviled in such a way by someone who most likely knows nothing about = our=20 history! Where was the author of that article when Agha Petros = rescued his=20 grandparents and mine from the Turks and Moslems??? How quickly = we=20 forget... It's a shame that we judge the great deeds of the past by the = empty=20 feelings we have today."

R.=20 Odishoo
Michigan

Fred = Parhad's=20
REFLECTIONS ON=20 ASSYRIA=20

HOW CHRISTIANITY SAVED US, OR...
WOULD = YOU BE=20 INTERESTED IN BUYING A = BRIDGE?

I've never been comfortable with the credit the church takes = for=20 having "saved" our people. I've never seen any evidence for it, quite = the=20 contrary, I believe that they all but put a contract out on our=20 heads.

There we were, for a few = hundred=20 years before the advent of Islam, like the rest of that world; so = demoralized by=20 the excesses of the Romans, ,who'd managed to create a beautiful = existence...=20 for about five people, and supported it by the misery of thousands... = there we=20 were happily eating dust, a veritable Lazy Susan, our cheeks available = for=20 anyone to slap, squatting there, waiting for that nice Jewish carpenter = to come=20 back and take us all to heaven. Then Mohammed raised the cry of a = vigorous,=20 manly, new creed which swept out of Arabia and, to its credit adopting = much of=20 Persian refinement, as it rolled like thunder across our squatting=20 grounds.

It is not true that = people were=20 forced to convert. The Prophet specifically forbade that, as did some = wise=20 Christian leaders later on. He placed a tax on non-Muslims and that = induced many=20 to switch, but seldom was the sword used in the early days. The Church = has a=20 very bad record here so I wouldn't get too bothered about this if I were = you. I=20 believe "infidels" were never given the choice of death or conversion = and Jews=20 were most definitely forced into Christianity, when they weren't killed=20 outright... having their children robbed to boot. But then Catholics and = Protestants stole each others children for forced conversion as well. = It's all a=20 sorry story. In the early days of Islam , Christians were allowed to = squat in=20 peace. They were allowed to visit their holy sites etc. There were = restrictions=20 on inter-marriage but what else is=20 new.

When Europe descended on = the East,=20 on that piratical raid called the Crusades (raping Constantinople, a = Christian=20 land along the way and committing depredations even the Moslem would be = hard=20 pressed to match) the world there changed for good. The local Christian=20 population made the first of the many bonehead decisions they've made = time and=20 again since and caught the hell for it they well deserved. They = supported and=20 prayed for the invaders and made it plain to everyone that they were = traitors to=20 their fellow countrymen and neighbors and always would=20 be.

After several Crusades and = much=20 bloodshed, the Moslems drove the Christian armies out and then, quite=20 understandably, turned on the local Christian populations. You would = have done=20 it too.

Try to imagine a similar = case=20 but switch roles. Let's say there are Moslems living in the United = States (there=20 are). Let's say that Arabia could attack us here, on our soil and commit = the=20 kinds of brutalities the Crusaders did. Say they devastated Chicago and = San=20 Francisco etc. killed and raped and burned and kidnapped Americans, all = with the=20 help and prayers of the local Moslem population. After a few hundred = years they=20 retired, leaving behind the indigenous Moslem community. Do you get the=20 picture?

Or, let's say, All = Assyrians in=20 America became communists in the fifties. They ate, drank and breathed = communist=20 ideology and built temples of communism. They would have received just = the=20 treatment they deserved from this country's government and population. = Would=20 they cry out that they were being persecuted for being Assyrian, or for = being=20 Communists. If you were an American and turned "communist", you stopped = being a=20 "true" American.

Instead you = were=20 thought of and treated as a communist primarily, who cared what country = you=20 hailed from, or what ethnic group you were. And of course the Japanese = found out=20 how being an American wasn't enough when your native country declared = war on=20 your new country, even if your children had been born here, off to camp = you and=20 your potential little traitors=20 went.

Assyrians who give the = church=20 credit for saving us always confuse and confound culture with religion. = We would=20 perhaps have become Muslim, but we could have retained our culture = (Assyrian),=20 as many of those who became Moslem did. People think, when they do it at = all,=20 that being Moslem is the same as being Arab, that those who adopted the = religion=20 HAD to take on the culture as well. Arabs come from Arabia. The other = countries=20 and peoples of the Mid East who converted to Islam retained their = cultures. The=20 Moslems of Indonesia and Mongolia and America are not "Arabs", they = don't=20 practice an "Arab" culture.

Had = the=20 Crusaders never come to the East, had western Christianity stayed out=20 altogether, I don't believe the Moslems would ever have bothered = Christians. No=20 more than would be normal given human nature, but nothing like the rage = which=20 followed Christian = treachery.

After the=20 Crusades ANY Christians in the east were doomed. We were damned, not for = being=20 Assyrian, but for being Christian. It would have saved us then to have = EMBRACED=20 Islam, since we'd turned our backs on our own god long before and = fidelity to=20 our Christian one became an immense liability. But we were encouraged = and=20 praised for giving our neck and the necks of our children over to the=20 executioner. Would anyone who loved his or her heritage OR children do = such a=20 thing. The history of martyrs is a dismal saga of unbalanced people = trying to=20 prove the loyalty they fear they don't really posses, having betrayed = their=20 faith once already. Our history since the Crusades has been one of = increased=20 hostility and diminishing numbers. We've been forced into the arms of = the West,=20 as the only place where it's safe for us to practice this religion. In = the same=20 way we've become part of the machine here which grinds up our homelands = for oil=20 to maintain itself. We're doubly traitors and what fate would you expect = for us?=20 What real sense of pride can we maintain? That's why all our "love" for = our=20 heritage and our political aspirations sound so hollow. We can't even = muster up=20 the will to create one school for our children. These are the = understandable=20 failings of people who are ashamed of themselves, not proud. It's false = pride=20 and false humility we revel in. We gave up the real article centuries=20 ago.

I don't think anyone gives = a good=20 damn about Father Akbulut, not for his own sake that is. Our people are = using=20 his little predicament for their own agendas. How many secretly would = prefer=20 that Turkey make a harsh example out of him. It would revive the old = martyr=20 business and give people here any number of opportunities to thump and = bellow.=20 When this fellow apologizes and takes it all back, if he can, we'll all = be=20 thrilled at our "activism" and how we "saved" Akbulut. Big deal, it's = not like=20 there aren't plenty of priests and the Vatican turns out several each = year. We=20 completely miss the larger picture...that we tried to make a hero for = ourselves=20 out of rather weak stuff. Is this memory we carry around, tallying all = our old=20 horror stories, supposed to DO something for us? If it's so vital why is = Akbulut=20 recanting already? And what now. Sorry, forget the whole = thing,or...seminars and=20 declarations and pronouncements with the AUA leading one its famously = feeble=20 charges to the rear.

Every time = our=20 people talk about what we suffered for being Assyrian, they really = should say=20 what we suffered for being Christian. We'll never know if Islam had any = argument=20 with us as Assyrians. Since we brag about being among the first = Christians and=20 NEVER brag about being Assyrian (where it could do us some good), it's=20 understandable that Saddam and others would try to change our heritage = to a=20 Moslem one...since we've changed it into a Christian one. We've done our = heritage a great disservice by hiding it behind, and confusing it with=20 Christianity. Assyrians say they never massacred, raped, kidnapped or = burned and=20 destroyed Moslem homes, yet look at how we were treated etc. etc. It's = true, as=20 Assyrians we never did those things, Either we were too small in numbers = or it=20 was a carry- over from our own, sophisticated, religion of Ashur. = Because we=20 KNOW the cruelty of the Christian West firsthand. Who, but a Christian = nation,=20 would starve the children of the people of a country whose leader it was = in=20 conflict with? Remember the babies tossed out of incubators by the Iraqi = soldiers in Kuwait. Even if it was true, and congressional hearings = proved it=20 wasn't...are we to believe that America cares so much for a few Moslem = babies,=20 while it is well documented that hundreds and thousands of children MANY = OF THEM=20 CHRISTIAN AND MANY OF THOSE ASSYRIAN have died and will possibly die in = greater=20 numbers when Bush takes over. But you can't have it both ways. While = Assyrians=20 didn't do those things, their co-religionists certainly did, and on top = of that=20 these were foreigners to the land and still the local Christians backed = them=20 against their own = neighbors.

What good=20 did it do the Japanese Americans to say "we didn't bomb Pearl Harbor, we = aren't=20 your enemies". Even though they were citizens, many of them born here, = just=20 their association or appearance was enough to rob them of freedom and=20 property.

When the crimes and=20 depredations of Christianity are detailed, Assyrians say..."but we were=20 Assyrians, why did they pick on us, we didn't do those things". When the = coast=20 is clear, they take credit and identify themselves as CHRISTIANS. When = trouble=20 comes they say..."Why pick on me I'm Assyrian, I didn't do anything." In = fact=20 there is no identity, no culture for us outside our churches. Why should = we be=20 surprised then when we're lumped together with all other Christians and = blamed=20 for all that the Christians did in the East. We're never blamed, as = Assyrians,=20 because no one knows what that is. We so strongly identify with the = religion=20 (Christianity) that we have no culture=20 (Assyrian).

If all those who = converted=20 to Islam(a religion) were also forced to become Arab (a culture), and = are=20 thought of by us and others as ONLY Arabs, with no distinction made for = their=20 cultures, which are separate, Then how do we expect not to be seen as = ONLY=20 Christian (a religion). For, if we converted to Christianity, didn't we = too=20 become in, Moslem eyes, ONLY Christian (a religion) and no longer = Assyrian (a=20 culture). If we really want to maintain that being Assyrian and being = Christian=20 are one...then any anger at Christians will also light on Assyrians. I'd = like to=20 stop catching hell for what Christians have done and move on to being = Assyrian.=20 If I or my children must suffer, let it be because we are=20 Assyrian.

It hasn't "saved" us = at all to=20 be hunted down and martyred and driven out of our homelands until = finally our=20 great love affair and affinity for the Christian West has resulted in = our coming=20 here and being assimilated to death. This is what the church did for us, = starting centuries ago. It's just taken a while for the policy to take = effect.=20 But we're Americans now, and proud. And we pay taxes into, and support a = system=20 which is even now devastating our homelands, killing and starving our = own=20 people. That's something new we hadn't yet done...pay to have our own = people and=20 lands destroyed. How debased Christianity has made us. We actually take = pride in=20 and proclaim that mother who supervised her children's execution. It's = an apt=20 metaphor for what we've been made to do to ourselves. And we're happy to = have=20 done it.

I've managed to give = myself a=20 headache. Hope I've done the same for you.

ASSYRIAN SURFING=20 POSTS

Aramaic=20 Lexicon

LITERATUS =

THANKS ARE EVER DUE TO GOD! =

"Tatian the Assyrian", considered an early = Father of the=20 Church, was born in Mesopotamia in A.D. 110. He courageously = defended=20 Christianity in his writings to the Greeks and other "unbelieving" = populations=20 in the Middle East. Unfortunately much of Tatian's writings are = now=20 lost. The following is the 20th chapter of his "Address to the = Greeks"=20 book written around A.D. 170.

Even if you be healed by drugs = (I grant you=20 that point by courtesy), yet it behooves you to give testimony of the = cure to=20 God. For the world still draws us down, and through weakness I incline = towards=20 matter. For the wings of the soul were the perfect spirit, but, having = cast this=20 off through sin, it flutters like a nestling and falls to the ground. = Having=20 left the heavenly companionship, it hankers after communion with = inferior=20 things. The demons were driven forth to another abode; the first created = human=20 beings were expelled from their place: the one, indeed, were cast down = from=20 heaven; but the other were driven from earth, yet not out of this earth, = but=20 from a more excellent order of things than exists here now. And now it = behooves=20 us, yearning after that pristine state, to put aside everything that = proves a=20 hindrance. The heavens are not infinite, O man, but finite and bounded; = and=20 beyond them are the superior worlds which have not a change of seasons, = by which=20 various, diseases are produced, but, partaking of every happy = temperature, have=20 perpetual day, and light unapproachable by men below. Those who = have=20 composed elaborate descriptions of the earth have given an account of = its=20 various regions so far as this was possible to man; but, being unable to = speak=20 of that which is beyond, because Of the impossibility of personal = observation,=20 they have assigned as the cause the existence of tides; and that one sea = is=20 filled with weed, and another with mud; and that some localities are = burnt up=20 with heat, and others cold and frozen. We, however, have learned things = which=20 were unknown to us, through the teaching of the prophets, who, being = fully=20 persuaded that the heavenly spirit along with the soul will = acquire a=20 clothing of mortality, foretold things which other minds were = unacquainted with.=20 But it is possible for every one who is naked to obtain this apparel, = and to=20 return to its ancient kindred.

These things, O Greeks, I = Tatian, a=20 disciple of the barbarian philosophy, have composed for you. I was = born in=20 the land of the Assyrians, having been first instructed in your = doctrines, and=20 afterwards in those which I now undertake to proclaim. Henceforward, = knowing who=20 God is and what is His work, I present myself to you prepared for an = examination=20 concerning my doctrines, while I adhere immovably to that mode of life = which is=20 according to God.

Tatian the Assyrian
c.a.=20 A.D.170

CHICAGO ASSYRIAN COUPLE FIRST = TO RECEIVE=20 MARRIAGE LICENSE IN 2001

Courtesy of Chicago Tribune, = January 3,=20 2001; Article by Rummana Hussain

In the = 21st=20 century, saturated with online dating services and high-tech singles = bars, Isaac=20 Debaz and Fairouz Kolazar found love through an arranged marriage, an = ancient=20 custom seen as an anomaly in the United States.

"It was meant to = be,"=20 said Debaz, 40. The couple, betrothed to each other when they were = children in=20 their native Syria, was the first to receive their marriage license in = 2001 from=20 the Cook County Clerk's office (Illinois) last Tuesday.

After = requesting=20 a judge to waive the 24-hour waiting period, Cook County Clerk David Orr = married=20 the casually dressed Debaz and Kolazar in a brief ceremony in his = downtown=20 office.

The clerk's office footed the $30 marriage license fee = and gave=20 the couple gift certificates for a weekend stay at the Hilton Chicago = &=20 Towers and a show at the Goodman Theatre.

Debaz spoke fondly of = Kolazar=20 while holding a champagne bottle with one hand and clutching his smiling = wife's=20 hand in the other.

Both were born in Syria but are ethnic = Assyrians, a=20 mostly Christian people originally from Iraq, Iran and = Turkey.

The=20 couple's plans to wed were initially thwarted when Debaz left Syria for = the=20 United States when Kolazar was only 3.

Debaz eventually married = another=20 woman and had two children with her.

But after his recent = divorce, the=20 north side remodeler gave arranged marriage serious thought. "I decided = not to=20 hurt my mother's feelings," he said.

Arranged marriages have been = practiced in Assyrian communities for decades.

"I know back home, = people=20 in the villages, they have a lot of respect for marriage," said=20 Debaz.

Chaperoned by Kolazar's brother, the couple met for the = first time=20 as adults in Jordan over the summer.

Both were impressed. "We're = truly in=20 love," Debaz said.

Kolazar, 31, who does not speak English, = arrived in=20 the United States only two weeks ago.

"I feel just like all the = other=20 brides," she said in Assyrian.

Debaz laughed as he said that his = bride,=20 surprised by the media frenzy over their marriage, now had to get used = to=20 gargantuan amounts of snow.

The couple, who are planning a = wedding at=20 their church and a reception for family members including Debaz's = children,=20 Danny, 15, and Mary, 14, had planned to pick up their marriage license = last week=20 before deciding they wanted to start 2001 with a milestone.

"It's = a dream=20 come true," said Albera Zaia, Debaz's friend who witnessed the=20 ceremony.

Article submitted by Mazin Enwiya = (Chicago)

BRAVO

PUMP=20 UP THE VOLUME =

ENGLISH	MODERN ASSYRIAN	GENDER
Mark	roosh/ma	Masculine
Sign	lee/shan/qa	Masculine=20

BACK TO THE = FUTURE=20

BC (1280)

The city of Calah on the eastern bank of the Tigris River = and at=20 its junction with the Upper Zab is built by Shalmaneser I, who made it = the=20 capital of Assyria in place of Ashur. Its site is nowadays marked = by the=20 ruins of Nimrud.

AD (350)

Shapor II, a Persian King, declares war against Rome and marches = on=20 Syria. The first important action was the siege of the Assyrian = city of=20 Nisibin, where the famous Mar Yacob, founder of the School of Nisibin, = was then=20 bishop. The siege lasted seventy days, and then the Persians having = build a dam=20 across the River Mygdonius, the waters broke down the wall. The siege = was=20 unsuccessful, however, and the campaign ended in a truce. The = Roman=20 Emperor, Julian, in 362 decided to invade Persia. He reached the Persian = capital, Ctesiphon, where he was met with proposals of peace from = Shapor, but=20 refused them. After crossing the Tigris, he burned his ships to prevent = their=20 falling into the hands of the enemy; but the result was something like a = panic=20 amongst his followers. Supplies ran short, and the army entered the = desert,=20 where it seems to have lost its way. There had been no battle as yet, = but almost=20 daily skirmishes with the light-armed Persian cavalry. In one of these=20 skirmishes Julian was slain by a javelin, whether thrown by one of the = enemy or=20 by one of his own followers has never been known. The soldiers at once = elected=20 Jovian, one of Julian's generals, and he began his reign by making a = thirty=20 years' truce with Persia. The Persians were to supply guides and food = for the=20 retreat, while the Romans promised to surrender Nisibin and give up = their=20 protectorate over Armenia and Iberia, which became Persian provinces. = The=20 surrender of Nisibin put an end to the school established there by Mar = Yacob,=20 but his disciple Ephraim removed to Edessa (Urhai), and there = reestablished the=20 school, so that Edessa became the new centre of Syriac intellectual=20 life.

Catholic Encyclopedia

THIS WEEK IN = HISTORY=20

January 11, = 1842 : Mar Yokhana, Bishop of Gavilan, becomes the = first=20 Assyrian from Iran to arrive in the United States.

CALENDAR OF = EVENTS=20

Jan = 17	LONDON=20 STORIES FROM ANCIENT SUMER = Retold in live oral performance by = storytellers:=20 Fran Hazelton, Fiona Collins and = June=20 Peters 7:00 PM The Kufa=20 Gallery 26 Westbourne = Grove Admission free For more = information phone=20 (020) 7278 3624 e-mail=20 fran@hazelton.greatxscape.net
Until = Jan = 21	CHICAGO=20 TREASURES FROM THE ROYAL TOMBS OF = UR=20 The Oriental Institute University of Chicago 1155 = East 58th=20 Street Tue, Thu, Fri, Sat, & Sun = 10AM-5:30PM=20 Wed 10AM-8:30PM Closed=20 Mondays General Info: = 773-702-9514 Tours: 773-702-9507 Admission is free, but the Institute suggests a = donationof $5 for adults and $2 for children under 12 to view the = Ur=20 exhibition.
Jan = 25	TORONTO=20 CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR SYRIAC STUDIES=20 LECTURE "Icons & Syriac Inscriptions in the = Monastery of=20 theSyrians in Egypt" by Professor Lucas = van=20 Rompay, Duke University 8:00 = PM Auditorium, Earth Sciences Centre, Room 1050 = 5 Bancroft Avenue University = of Toronto,=20 St. George Campus
Feb = 15	TORONTO=20 CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR SYRIAC STUDIES=20 LECTURE "Frescoes & Syriac Inscriptions in Medieval = Churchesin Lebanon" by Dr. Erica Dodd, = Victoria=20 University 8:00 PM Auditorium, Earth Sciences Centre, Room 1050 = 5 Bancroft Avenue University = of Toronto,=20 St. George Campus
Mar = 29	TORONTO=20 CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR SYRIAC STUDIES=20 LECTURE "Syriac Heritage at the Northern Silk = Road: =20 TheArchaological & Epigraphic Evidence of Christianity in=20 Kirghizia" by Dr. Vassilios Klein, Bonn = University 8:00 PM Auditorium, Earth Sciences Centre, Room 1050 = 5 Bancroft Avenue University = of Toronto,=20 St. George Campus
Jul = 2-6=20 = 2001	FINLAND=20 XLVIIe RENCONTRE ASSYRIOLOGIQUE=20 INTERNATIONALE International Congress of Assyriology and Near = Eastern=20 Archaeology "Sex and Gender in the = Ancient=20 Near East" University of = Helsinki Registration Form: clickhere

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TheLighthouse	The Sureth-Speaking Villages in Eastern=20 Turkey
GoodMorning=20 Bet-Nahrain	AUA Secretary Discusses Improvements in Iran Death = Penalty for=20 Christian Missionaries in Afghanistan
News=20 Digest	Bush Nominates Lebanese Christian as Energy=20 Secretary
SurfsUp	"most likely knows nothing about our = history"
Reflectionson=20 Assyria	How Christianity Saved Us...Or Would You Be Interested in = Buying=20 a Bridge?
Literatus	Thanks Are Ever Due To God!
Bravo!	Chicago Assyrian Couple First To Receive Marriage=20 License
AssyrianSurfing=20 Posts	Aramaic Lexicon
PumpUp=20 the Volume	Mark & Sign
Backto=20 the Future	Calah and the Siege of Nisibin
ThisWeek=20 in History	Mar Yokhana of Gavilan
Calendar=20 ofEvents	January=20 2001

THE SURETH-SPEAKING VILLAGES IN EASTERN=20 TURKEY

THE SURETH-SPEAKING VILLAGES IN EASTERN=20 TURKEY

AUA SECRETARY DISCUSSES IMPROVEMENTS IN=20 IRAN

AFGHANISTAN ESTABLISHES DEATH PENALTY FOR = CHRISTIAN=20 MISSIONARIES

BUSH NOMINATES LEBANESE-AMERICAN = CHRISTIAN AS=20 ENERGY SECRETARY

HOW CHRISTIANITY SAVED US, OR...WOULD = YOU BE=20 INTERESTED IN BUYING A = BRIDGE?

CHICAGO ASSYRIAN COUPLE FIRST = TO RECEIVE=20 MARRIAGE LICENSE IN 2001

ENGLISH

MODERN ASSYRIAN

GENDER

HOW CHRISTIANITY SAVED US, OR...
WOULD = YOU BE=20 INTERESTED IN BUYING A = BRIDGE?